A brief history of psychiatry Flashcards
Abnormal Illness Behaviour
Pilowsky
Advocated treatment without mechanical
restraint
Conolly
Psychopaths: creative, aggressive, inadequante
Henderson
Agnosia
Freud
Alexithymia
The alexithymia construct was originally conceptualized by Nemiah, Freyberger, and Sifneos (1976) as encompassing a cluster of cognitive traits including difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings to others, externally oriented thinking, and a limited imaginal capacity.
Anxiety
Lewis
Crisis intervention
Linderman (1944), Caplan
(1961)
Expanding on Lindemann’s work, Caplan (1961) describes the four
stages of a crisis reaction as follows:
1. An initial rise in tension occurs in response to an event.
2. Increased tension disrupts daily living.
3. Unresolved tension results in depression.
4. Failure to resolve the crisis may result in a psychological breakdown
Development of clozapine
Kane
Development of imipramine
Kuhn
Ecological theory of suicide
Sainsbury
Sociocultural, anthropological phenomenon
Gestalt therapy
F Perls
Gestalt therapy is an existential/experiential form of psychotherapy which emphasizes personal responsibility, and focuses upon the individual’s experience in the present moment, the therapist–client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person’s life, and the self-regulating adjustments
Role playing
Hypnotherapy
Milton Erikson
Illness behaviour
Mechanic
The term illness behavior was introduced by Mechanic and Volkart to describe the individuals’ different ways to respond to their own health
Interpersonal therapy
Sullivan
Malarial development of neurosyphillis
Wagner von Jauregg
Nobel prize
Moral treatment; breaking of the chains of
the inmates of the Saltpetriere
Pinel
Primal therapy
A. Janov
Psychobiology
Adolf Meyer
Common sense approach
Social action
Ergasia-action of the total organism
Autobiographical life chart in therapy
Psychodrama
J Moreno
Recipricol inhibition
Joseph Wolpe
also- depression conditioned by repeat losses in the past
Self-instructional training
Meichenbaum
Social learning
Albert Bandura
Reciprocal determinism
Sociological theory of suicide
Durkheim
Suicide
Thomas Browne
The sick role
Parsons
Therapeutic community
Maxwell Jones
Token economies
Ayllon and Azrin
Transactional analysis
F Berne Transactional analysis (TA) is a psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy wherein social transactions are analyzed to determine the ego state of the patient (whether parent-like, childlike, or adult-like) as a basis for understanding behavior.
Hysteria a disease of the mind
Thomas Syndenham
Removal of post
central, temporal, and
frontal cortices from p
atients
Burckhardt
Hypnotism
James Braid; based on
work by Anton Mesmer
Dysmorphophobia
Morselli
Dementia precox
Emil Kraeplin
Barbiturates
Adolf von Baeyer in 1864
Spirochaete isolated in GPI the
beginnings of biological psychiatry
Schaudinn
Four A’s of Schizophrenia
Eugene Bleuler
Behaviourism, stressed the observable rather than unconscious
John Watson
Capgras delusion
Raboul Lachouz
Fregoli
Courbon & Frail
Bell and pad treatment of eneuresis
Mowrer and Mowrer
Syndrome of intermetamorphosis
Courbon and Turques
Schizoaffective disorder
Kasanin
Autism
Leo Kanner
Bilateral ablation of the prefrontal cortex
causes chimpanzees to become more placid
and less anxious
Fulton and Jacobsen
Human frontal leucotomy
Egas Moniz
Pyknic, athletic, asthenic body types
Kretschmer
Application of seizures induced by
Metrazol
Meduna
Dissociation
Janet
ECT
Cerletti and Bini
Physiognomy endomorphy,
mesomorphy, ectomorphy
William Sheldon
Anaclictic depression
Rene Spitz
‘Direct analysis’ of schizophrenics
John Rosen
‘Direct analysis’ of schizophrenics; use of
countertransference
Frieda Fromm Reichmann
Symbolic realisation in the treatment of Schizophrenia
Marguerite Sechehaye
Beneficial response of a manic patient to
Lithium then introduced into psychiatric
use
JF Cade
Alcoholics Anonymous; ‘12- step
programme’
Bill
Psychosomatic medicine
F. Alexander
Synthesis of Chlorpromazine attempting
to synthesize an antihistaminergic agent for anaesthetic use
Charpentier
DSM 1
Influenced by the ideas of
Adolf Meyer
Chlorpromazine introduced to the USA
Delay and Deniker
Psycholinguistics
Naom Chomsky
Development of MAOIs (Reserpine)
Kline
Double bind as a cause of schizophrenia
Don Jackson and Gregory Batesone
General Adaptation Syndrome
Hans Selye
Cognitive Dissonance
Leon Festinger
Cycloid Psychosis
Leonhard
‘Social Class and Mental Health’ demonstrated strong inverse association between social class and mental health
Hollingshead & Redlich
‘The Psychodynamics of Family Life’;
development of Family Therapy
Nathan Ackermann
Synthesis of haloperidol
Janssen Laboratories
First Rank Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Kurt Schneider
Aversion Therapy, Covert Sensitization
Rachman & Teasdale
Exposure therapy
Marks, Gelder, and Mathews
Schizophreniform psychosis
Langfeldt
Five factor model of personality
Tupes and Christal
hierarchy of needs
Maslow Physiological Safety Love and belonging Self esteem Self actualisation
Harlow’s monkeys, critical period, when mother-child bonding took place
Harry Harlow
“Hostile Symbiosis: and “Schism” as causes of Schizophrenia
Theodore Lidz
‘Transitional object’, ‘primary object’,
‘good enough mother’; object relations
Donald Winnicott
Gate control theory of pain
Melzack and wall
Antimanic properties of valproate
Lambert
Borderline personality disorder
Otto Kernberg
Learned helplessness
Seligman and Maier
Marital therapy
Henry Dicks
‘Practice of behaviour therapy’;
‘systematic densensitization’ (late 1950s)
Joselph Wolpe
Attachment theory
John Bowlby
Biofeedback
Birk
Classification of phobias
Marks
Structura family therapy
Salvador Minuchin
The ‘Milan School’ of Systemic family
therapy
Palazzoli et al.
Alcohol dependency syndrome
Edwards and Gross
Cognitive treatment of depression
A. Beck
cognitive triad of depression
1. Negative self perception
2. Tendency to view the world as hostile and demanding
3. Expectation of suffering and failure in the future
Parasuicide
Kreitman
Syndrome of subjective doubles
Christodolou
Working class women in Camberwell
Brown and Harris
Deliberate Self Harm, Malignant alientation
Morgan
Monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis
Munro
Interpersonal therapy
Klerman et al.
Manie sans delire
Pinel
Moral insanity
Pritchard
Personal construct theory
Kelly
Repertory Grid
Bannister
Self theory
Roger
Person centred theory of personality and psychotherapy
Self actualisation and self direction
Personality is a dynamic phenomenon
Therapists provide an environment in which clients can reconstruct their striving for self actualisation
Unconditional positive regards
Rational emotive behaviour therapy
Albert Ellis
Resolving emotional and behavioural issues
Activating event
Belief- thought - feeling
Consequence then effect 1
Or STOP- dispute- consequence - effect 2
Defences coined by Anna Freud
Reaction formation Regression Undoing Introjection Identification Projection Turning against the self Reversal Sublimation
Ego psychology
Cognitive analytic therapy
Anthony Ryle
Chain of events, thoughts, emotions, motivations that explain how a target problem is established and maintained
Reciprocal roles
Survey of psychobiological problems on medical floor
Art Schmale
Cytogeneticist
Barbara McClintich
Behaviourism, operant conditioning
Skinner
Views personality as also acquired based on reward and punishment
Carl Jung
Analytic psychology
Collective unconscious includes archetypes
Common shared mythological and symbolic past
Anima- feminist side of males Animus-masculine side of female Shadow- devil within Persona- social role Self- unity of all parts of personality
Introverts and extroverts
Cloninger
Tridimensional personality questionnaire Temperament and character inventory General psychopathology Substance dependence Personality disorders
