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Life Sciences > History of life > Flashcards

History of life Flashcards

1
Q

indirect methods of dating

A
  • relative dating
  • paleomagnetic dating
  • fauna compositions
  • dendrochronological
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2
Q

direct methods of dating

A
  • radiometric dating ( absolute method)
  • based on the tempo of radioactive decay
  • ratio of different isotopes
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3
Q

relative dating

A

using the rock layers below and above fossils as an indication of age

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4
Q

paleomagnetic dating

A

magnetic components in rock are arranged in a certain orientation due to earths magnetic piles, tempo at which poles change can be compared with the orientation

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5
Q

fauna composition

A

fossils found in between layers of volcanic rock

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6
Q

dendrochronological

A

age of trees can be determined by its annual tongs which can be used to make deductions about what happened in its past including climate conditions

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7
Q

archaea bacteria

A

the most primitive form of life, unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus)

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8
Q

habitat archaea bacteria are found in

A
  • hot volcanic areas
  • warm water spouts in deep sea
  • areas of little/no oxygen
  • high salinity water
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9
Q

eubacteria

A

developed from archaea bacteria

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10
Q

lynn margulis

A

-developed the theory of origin
-archaea bacteria hijacked the eubacteria
-eubacteria became part of cell becoming the mitochondria providing energy while getting food and shelter from the hijacker

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11
Q

parasitic relationship

A

a single cell organism resides within another cell

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12
Q

endosymbiosis

A

A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other

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13
Q

fossils

A
  • remains of organisms that lived previously and were conserved, did not decompose and their whole/parts of remained intact
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14
Q

how are fossils formed

A
  • organism dies where it can be covered with sediment
  • anaerobic conditions prevent decomposition
  • quickly covered with sediment
  • hard body parts are slowly replaced by minerals
  • or the body dissolved leaving only an impression of the natural form
  • cavity of mould can be filled with minerals
  • whole organisms can be kept intact eg amber
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15
Q

body fossils

A

fossilisation of whole organisms or body part

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16
Q

form fossils

A

sediment hardens around the organism and the organism dissolves

17
Q

mould fossils

A

cavity is filled with minerals

18
Q

trace fossils

A

marks made by an animal as it walked over sediment that later hardened

19
Q

unchanged fossils

A

perfectly preserved organisms

20
Q

why are fossils important

A
  • trends in biodiversity
  • evolutionary relationships
  • formation of sediments
  • exploration of economically important minerals
21
Q

causes of mass extinction ( intrinsic factors)

A
  • ice ages
  • continental drift
  • volcanic activity
  • killer disease
22
Q

ice ages

A
  • atmospheric cooling
  • formation of glaciers: drop in ocean levels
    -higher salt concentration
  • less O2 available
23
Q

continental drift

A
  • separation of continents - different environments and not able to adapt quick enough
  • plate movements cause cooling of temperatures (resulting in formation of glaciers and ice ages)
  • changes in available habitat
  • increased volcanic activity
24
Q

volcanic activity

A
  • clouds of volcanic matter block out sun rays, lack of light and solar radiation causing rapid cooling
  • trapping water in ice caps
  • photosynthesis could not take place collapsing in food webs
  • sulphur dioxide increased acid rain
  • carbon dioxide caused greenhouse effects and global warming increased
25
Q

killer disease

A
  • climate change can affect presence and spread disease
  • viral/bacterial infections can kill large no. of organisms
26
Q

extraterrestrial

A
  • meteorites and asteroids
  • physical damage
  • tsunamis
  • volcanic eruptions

intrinsic factors that have been caused by extrinsic factors

27
Q

physical damage

A
  • dust sand and gases
  • block sky light affect food chains
  • sulphuric acid rain poisons plants and aquatic organisms
  • low temperatures make it hard for cold blooded animals
28
Q

5 main mass extinctions

A

(earliest to latest)
1 - Cretaceous
2 - Triassic
3 - Permian (largest)
4 - Devonian
5 - orodovician

Life Sciences (27 decks)

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