cytology (10)

Question 1

mitochondria

Answer 1

• the power house of the cell

- responsible for the gradual release of energy

Question 2

balanced equation for cellular respiration

Answer 2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 3

Interphase

Answer 3

• the cell prepares for mitosis
• DNA replication takes place
  / in animal cells, the centrioles make a copy of themselves
• cells get ready to divide

Question 4

division phase

Answer 4

gives rise to new cells through a complex process

Question 5

DNA replication in interphase

Answer 5

the DNA has to make a copy of itself so that each new cell will have a full set if DNA

Question 6

dolly the sheep

Answer 6

• a nucleus for dolly was obtained from a donor sheep
• the nucleus was placed into a differentiated cell which the nucleus had been removed
• embryos were formed and implanted in surrogate mothers
• dolly was the only one to develop and be born normally
• dolly dna was identical to the donors

Question 7

stem cells

Answer 7

• unspecialised cells that can divide mitotically indefinitely and are able to differentiate into 1 or more type of specialised cells

Question 8

two types of stem cells

Answer 8

embryonic, and mature

Question 9

embryonic stem cells

Answer 9

obtained from the blastula stage of an embryo, increase indefinitely by mitosis, differentiate into an specialised cell

Question 10

mature stem cells

Answer 10

obtained from various organs, cannot differentiate into any cell, in bone marrow develop into different blood cells

Question 11

what is mitosis responsible for

Answer 11

growth

replacement of damaged or worn tissue

Question 12

phases of mitosis

Answer 12

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokenisis

Question 13

cell cycle

Answer 13

a series of events that take place in a cell as it grows and divides

Question 14

prophase

Answer 14

• nuclear membrane disappears
• nucleolus disintegrates
• organelle move away from the nucleus
• chromatic network and thickens - chromosomes
• centrioles start moving to opposite poles of the cell and spindle fibres start to form

Question 15

metaphase

Answer 15

• chromosomes arranged in equatorial level

- centromere lies on a spindle thread

Question 16

anaphase

Answer 16

• spindle threads shrink, splitting the centromeres and separating the chromatids
• chromatids (daughter cells) move to opposite poles

Question 17

telophase

Answer 17

daughter chromosomes form a chromatin network (duplicate)

Question 18

cytokinesis (in animal cells)

Answer 18

• development of an invagination between the two new daughter cells
• division of cytoplasm
• two identical daughter cells

Question 19

cytokinesis (in plant cells)

Answer 19

• a cell plate forms in the middle of the cell

- a cell wall forms on either side of the cell plate and the cell plate becomes the middlelamella