Histopath - urology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermoid cyst - which area does this affect? what is it?

A

Scrotum

Benign skin cysts filled with keratin

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2
Q

Scrotal calcinosis - what is this?

A

Calcified nodules in scrotal skin

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3
Q

Blue/red lesions of scrotal skin?

A

Angiokeratomas

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4
Q

Fournier’s gangrene?

A

Necrotising fasciitis on scrotum

15-20% mortality

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5
Q

Scrotal squamous cell carcinoma - importance?

A

Assoc with occupational exposure to carcinogens in chimney workers

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6
Q

Condylomas?

A

Warts caused by HPV on penis

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7
Q

Inflammatory disease of foreskin –> tightening of foreskin

A

Lichen sclerosus

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8
Q

Inflammatory disease of glans –> red areas

A

Zoon’s balanitis

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9
Q

Which paratesticular disease is associated with STIs in <35yo? what is the causative organism in >35yo?

A

Epididymitis.

E. Coli in older men

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10
Q

What is a hydrocele?

Cause?

A

Accumulation of fluid between 2 layers of tunica vaginalis

Cause - trauma or other underlying pathology

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11
Q

Varicocele

A

Abnormal dilatation of venous plexus in SPERMATIC CORD

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12
Q

A benign paratesticular neoplasm? What is the appearance? Histology?

A

Adenomatoid tumour

  • Small solid grey/white nodules
  • Small tubules lined by mesothelial cells
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13
Q

3 testicular tumours which are NON-germ cell. Prognoses?

A

Testicular lymphoma - v poor

Leydig and Sertoli cell tumours - benign

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14
Q

Testicular germ cell tumours

  • RFs?
  • affected age group?
A
  • undescended testis (cryptorchidism). also LBW

- Young men, age 20-45yo

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15
Q

Precursor lesion for germ cell tumours?

A

Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN)

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16
Q

Presentations of testicular germ cell tumours?

A

Painless testicular lump - MOST COMMON

Can present with metastatic disease - back pain, resp Sx

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17
Q

Prognosis of testicular germ cell tumours? why?

A
  • 98% survival at 5 years

- they are v sensitive to platinum based chemo!

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18
Q

Renal stones - are men or women more commonly affected?

A

Men

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19
Q

Renal stones - composition?

A

most are calcium oxalate

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20
Q

2 causes of hypercalciuria –> renal stone formation?

A

Either GI calcium absorption OR high Ca reabsorption in renal PCT

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21
Q

“triple stones” - what are they?and how do they form?

A

Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate

22
Q

What is the danger of “triple stones?”

A

Risk of forming huge staghorn calculi

23
Q

Common points of renal stone impaction

A

VUJ
Pelvic brim
PUJ

24
Q

Removal of larger stones?

A

Lithotripsy

percutaneous/endocscopic removal

25
Q

benign kidney tumour associated with multiple sclerosis?

A

Angiomyolipoma

26
Q

Benign mesenchymal kidney tumour - what is it called?
composition?
Presentation?

A

Angiomyolipoma
- thick walled blood vessels, SM, fat

  • can present with flank pain
27
Q

Kidney tumour with high fat content

A

Angiomyolipoma

28
Q

Genetic syndrome associated with renal cell carcinoma?

A

von Hippel Lindau

29
Q

major RF for renal cell carcinoma

A

Long term dialysis, smoking

30
Q

3 main histological subtypes of renal cell carcinoma

A

Clear cell
Papillary
Chromophobe

31
Q

3 main histological subtypes of renal cell carcinoma

A
  1. Clear cell
  2. Papillary
  3. Chromophobe
32
Q

Diff in gross appearance between papillary and chromophobe renal carcinomas?

A

Papillary=

Chromophobe =

33
Q

Most common subtype of renal carcinoma

A

Clear cell

34
Q

Genetic change in clear cell renal carcinoma

A

loss of chromosome 3p

35
Q

Golden yellow tumours in haemorrhagic areas

A

Clear cell

36
Q

Diff in gross appearance between papillary and chromophobe renal carcinomas?

A
Papillary= friable and brown
Chromophobe = solid and brown
37
Q

Genetic change seen in papillary renal cell carcinoma

A

Trisomy 7 and 17

38
Q

Histology of renal carcinoma shows sheets of large cells. Which subtype is this?

A

Chromophobe

39
Q

Grading system of renal cell carcinoma? what is it based on?

A

Fuhrman system

Based on degree of nuclear atypia

40
Q

Small round blue cells

A

Wilm’s tumour

41
Q

What is a urothelial carcinoma

A

Any neoplasm affecting renal pelvis –> bladder

42
Q

2 types of urothelial carcinoma (carcinoma is really a misnomer)

A

Invasive and non-invasive

43
Q

Grading of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma

A

1-3

3 = high risk

44
Q

Tx of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma

A

Resection of visible tumour with cystoscopy +/- intravesical chemotherapy

45
Q

If invasive urothelial carcinoma goes beyond the detrussor muscle, how is it managed?

A

Cystectomy +/-radio +/- chemo

46
Q

2 main medication options for BPH

A

alpha blockers

5-alpha reductase inhibitors

47
Q

Surgical management of BPH

A

Transurethral resection of the protstate

48
Q

Precursor lesion to prostatic carcinoma

A

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

49
Q

Name some genes implicated in prostatic carcinoma

A
PTEN
GST-pi
AMACR
p27
E-Cadherin
50
Q

Prognostic indicator of prostatic carcinoma? how is it determined?

A

Gleason score

- add up the 2 most common gleason patterns

51
Q

Gleason score - highest score? lowest score?

A

6-10

i.e. 3+3 –> 5+5