Histopath - lung Flashcards

1
Q

top 3 cancers in women

A

Breast, bowel, lung

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2
Q

List 4 types of lung cancer in order of most to least common

A

Squamous cell
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell
Large cell

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3
Q

SqCC

  • Which part of the lung is affected?
  • 2 Histological Fx?
  • what electrolyte imbalance is often seen?
A
  • Proximal bronchi affected
  • Histo: Keratinisation + Intracellular prickles
  • Hypercalcemia
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4
Q

Lung adenocarcinoma

  • Most common in whom?
  • 2 histological Fx?
  • Which part of the lung is affected?
  • Molecular analysis results?
A
  • Women and non-smokers
  • Mucin production + gland formation
  • Starts peripherally, early spread
  • EGFR mutations seen in molecular analysis
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5
Q

Small cell lung carcinoma

  • what cells does it arise from?
  • Prognosis? why?
  • 2 common mutations seen?
  • which weird neuro thing is it associated with?
A
  • Arises from NEUROENDOCRINE cells
  • POOR prognosis, due to early mets
  • RB1 and p53 mutations
  • Assoc with Lambert Eaton syndrome = autoimmune, muscle weakness which improves with testing
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6
Q

What do the cells look like in large cell lung carcinoma/

A

Large nuclei, prominent nucleoli

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7
Q

Wtf is carcinoid syndrome? Cause?

A

Flushing + diarrhoea + bronchoconstrictin

Serotonin excess in paraneoplastic syndrome

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8
Q

Which molecular finding indicates a poorer response to cisplatin

A

ERCC1

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9
Q

Which two molecular findings indicate a poor response to Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancer?

A

Kras mutation

EML4-ALK mutation

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10
Q

staging of lung carcinoma?

A

TNM
T = 1-4, depends on size and invasion
N = 0-2
M = metastases, 0-1

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11
Q

Pneumoconiosis includes 3 different disease.. which ones?

A

Coal worker’s lung
Asbestosis
Silicosis

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12
Q

Which part of the lung is affected in Coalworker’s lung and asbestosis?

A

Upper lobe

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13
Q

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

  • who does it affect?
  • what changes are seen in the lung?
  • Sx?
A
  • Tends to affect old men
  • Fibrosis followed by cyst formation. aka honeycomb change. This starts at the periphery of the lobule, usually in lower lobes
  • SOB and dry cough, progressively worsening
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14
Q

What is extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

Immune mediated response to inhaled antigens –> alveolar inflammation

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15
Q

Extrinsic allergic alveoli’s - legs of triggers?

A

Pigeons, hay, mould

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16
Q

How does EAA present? Both acute and chronic presentation

A

Acutely - sudden SOB, fever, chills, cough after exposure to antigen

Chronic - only symptomatic at work, improves on the weekends

17
Q

Coal worker’s lung - which part of lung is affect?

Histology in mild and severe disease?

A

Upper lobes

Mild = macrophages containing pigment accumulate around airways
Severe = Large fibrotic nodules
18
Q

spirometry findings in restrictive lung disease

A

Decreased lung volume
Decreased compliance
Both FEV1 and FVC are reduced to same degree

19
Q

1 major sign on examination in interstitial lung disease

A

end inspiratory crackles

20
Q

Pathophysiology of bronchiectasis

A

Chronic mucus accumulation –> inflammation –> breakdown of elastin in bronchi –.> bronchus dilatation

21
Q

5 Causes of bronchiectasis

A
CF
Asthma
Aspiration
Obstruction - eg tumour
Secondary to fibrosis - sarcoidosis
22
Q

3 histological features of asthma

A

Whorls of shed epithelium

  1. Curschmann spirals
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Leyden crystals
23
Q

Granulomatous lung infection

  • 2 cells seen?
  • 2 main causes?
A

Histiocytes + macrophages

  1. TB
  2. Fungal - cryptococcus, aspergillus
24
Q

4 stages of lobar pneumonia

A
  1. Consolidation
  2. Red hepatisation
  3. Grey hepatisation
  4. Resolution
25
Q

Lobar vs bronchial pneumonia

- affected people?

A
Lobar = younger
Bronchopneumonia = elderly
26
Q

3 causes of emphysema

A

Marfan’s
IVDU
a1 antitrypsin deficiency