HIGH YIELD

Question 1

most common primary diagnosis in the US

one third of adults have hypertension

Answer 1

hypertension

Question 2

risk factors of hypertension?

Answer 2

CAD
HF
Stroke
vascular disease
ESRD
Smoking, dyslipidemia, DM

Question 3

effects of hypertension on heart disease and stroke?

Answer 3

increased arterial stiffness and increased after load

ischemic heart disease

left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement

systolic and diastolic HF

Question 4

effect of acute hypertension on brain?

Answer 4

cerebral edema

intracerebral hemorrhage

Question 5

effect of chronic hypertension on the brain?

Answer 5

hypertensive encephalopathy

• cerebral edema
• lacunar type infarcts
• dementia

Question 6

the deleterious effects of too low a blood pressure on cerebral perfusion in a patient with chronic hypertension can lead to?

Answer 6

cerebral hypo perfusion

Question 7

causes of primary hypertension?

Answer 7

high intake of salt
genetics
obesity
lack of physical activity

affects 90-95% of population

Question 8

causes of secondary hypertension?

Answer 8

renal disease
primary hyperaldosteronism
pheochromocytoma
endocrine
obstructive sleep apnea
medications

Question 9

the most common cause of secondary hypertension?

Answer 9

renal disease

• renal parenchymal disease
• -chronic kidney disease
• -polycystic kidney disease
• renal vascular disease
• -renal artery stenosis
• -fibromuscular hyperplasia

Question 10

primary hyperaldosteroneism is what kind of hypertension?

caused by?

*effects?

Answer 10

secondary

adrenal adenoma
-conns syndrome

idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia
-most common cause

other
-familial hyperaldosteronism, adrenal carcinoma

*Na retention and increased IV volume, loss of potassium, loss of H+ leads to metabolic acidosis

Question 11

pheochromocytoma is caused by?

Answer 11

adrenal tumor

excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine

resistent hypertension

Question 12

main cause of endocrine hypertension?

Answer 12

cushing syndrome
thyroid disease
-hyperthyroidism
-hypothyroidism

Question 13

meds that cause secondary hypertension?

*meds whose withdrawal cause secondary htn?

Answer 13

NSAIDs

drugs of abuse
-alcohol, cocaine

adrenergic meds

corticosteroids

oral contraceptive use, activates RAAS

*beta blocker and clonidine

Question 14

according to AHA/ACC, standards define HTN as?

Answer 14

as 130/80

Question 15

lifestyle mods?

Answer 15

weight loss
smoking cessation
exercise

*DASH, dietary approach to stop hypertension