Henry VIII foreign policy

Question 1

what was the conflict between wolsey x henry?

Answer 1

wolsey maintain peace - henry excitement + adventures of war

Question 2

what were henry’s foreign policy aims?

Answer 2

–glory in war + securing French crown

Question 3

wolsey aims

Answer 3

• preserve balance power in europe - ensure neither charles V spain or francis I too powerful
• close links w/ papacy
• mediating peace - humanistic peace
• serve kings interest
• raise profile
• avoid parliament + raising taxation

Question 4

what was Wolsey’s principle aim?

Answer 4

-preserve balance of power in Europe - ensure neither Charles V Spain or Francis I France could ignore England’s interest

Question 5

why could you say that Wolsey’s foreign policy was a success

Answer 5

• flexible and adaptable
• -> capitalised on division between hawks (war) and doves (peace) - playing off one side against the other to suit policy = satisfy king

Question 6

-Who were England’s allies in the war with France 1512?

Answer 6

• spain, venice + pope Julius II

Question 7

-How did Wolsey impress Henry during war with France?

Answer 7

• involved for first time + gained experience w/ army - feeding + organising them - conducting himself despite setbacks w/ ferdinand

Question 8

-In which year did England send a large army to France and who was in command?

Answer 8

-1513 w/ henry

Question 9

-What was Wolsey’s role in the war with France?

Answer 9

quartermaster general - feeding + supplying army

Question 10

-Where was a French force defeated in 1513?

Answer 10

-therouanne

Question 11

-Which town was captured?

Answer 11

Tournai (but land wasn’t fertile ‘doghole’)

Question 12

-How did the successes in war with France help Henry and Wolsey’s reputations?

Answer 12

-ensured not left out of Valois-Habsburg alliance

Question 13

EVID to show wolsey’s foreign policy success was short lived
–> Valois-Tudor alliance
success?

Answer 13

1514 - Louis XII france - Wolsey negotiate marriage w/ Mary == Henry’s main aim to secure dynasty
–> gains 100,000 crowns + English possession Tournai

Question 14

EVID to show wolsey’s foreign policy success was short lived
–> Valois-Tudor alliance
BUT

Answer 14

death Louis 1515 + Francis on thrown = treaty short-lived

although wolsey cemented his place as kings chief diplomat

Question 15

The Treaty London 1518: - international recognition

-who signed Treaty Of London ? (similar to collective security)

Answer 15

• wolsey organises (achieves aim of peace) - papal legate powers
• > 20 w/ England france Spain holy roman

Question 16

-What did the treaty london agree to?

Answer 16

commit to policy peaceful cooperation - war on any ruler break terms treaty

Question 17

BUT HOW WAS SUCCESS IN Treaty of London short-lived

Answer 17

-Charles V of Spain becomes holy roman emperor = success short-lived

Question 18

how was field on cloth and gold perhaps surface level success?

Answer 18

-Charles + Francis fight for roman emperor in 1519 Charles wins
-neither talk - June 1520 wolsey negotiates field of cloth and gold (large festival of extravagance)
-

Question 19

field of cloth + gold BIG FAILURE in two ways

Answer 19

• made it appear to Charles V that Henry sided w/ Francis

- Venetian ambassador reports Francis + Charles were only trying to outdo each other - HATED each other

Question 20

when did france declare war on Charles

Answer 20

1521 – breaking terms of treaty London

Question 21

what did Wolsey agree to in 1521 w/ treaty of

Answer 21

anglo imperial alliance treaty of Bruges
(pledged to send English army against france)
–>perceived success = fail
(henry’s wife Charles aunt)

Question 22

when was English army sent - what happened

Answer 22

1523 - war not in Habsburg favour so wolsey betrays Charles + withdraws

Question 23

what happens after wolsey betrays Charles + withdraws

Answer 23

1525 battle of pavia - Charles victory over French - French captured

Question 24

how did events of the war break down valois habsburg alliance ?

Answer 24

Charles doesn’t give any benefits to Henry - lost trust

Question 25

what did Francis do to Charles

Answer 25

-francis + Pope Clement VII attack Charles

Question 26

amicable grant

• date
• why raised
• why failure

Answer 26

• 1525
• for war w/ france
• non parliamentary tax = revolt ( as accounted by Edward Hall)

Question 27

what was the 1526 league of cognac?

-who and what

Answer 27

anti imperial alliance - England allies help shoulder financial burden of war
ENGLAND NOT A MEMBER BUT AGREED TO SUBSIDISE

Question 28

what was Wolseys war on diplomacy in 1528

Answer 28

declares war on Charles - frances makes peace w/ Charles + Henry invited to negotiations in treaty of Cambrai (treaty of peace Valois Habsburg)= large power

Question 29

how successful was foreign policy

Answer 29

• succesful in terms of placing England on centre European stage
• largely only successful in short terms w/ many short-lived treaties e.g. London and tudor Habsburg
• didn’t achieve French crown so failure when assessed against that criteria
• 1526 treaty of madrid charles + francis make peace BUT wolsey excluded - but then subsidised in francis alliance against Charles (league cognac) later that year

Question 30

between charles + francis treaty

Answer 30

-1526 treaty of madrid charles + francis make peace BUT wolsey excluded BUT then francis forms alliance against charles

Question 31

3 words to describe henry’s foreign policy

Answer 31

unaccomplished , anachronistic naive + aimless

Question 32

how much money did Henry VIII spend on war + what was his ordinary I come

Answer 32

1.4 million 1511-1525 ordinary income 110,000 a year

Question 33

what were the annual incomes of Charles V

Answer 33

Henry trying to match monarch 560,000

Question 34

what could heavy taxation for war be seen as

Answer 34

unprecedented assault on domestic purse - 2.5 million population England compare 14 million france