Henry VIII foreign policy Flashcards
what was the conflict between wolsey x henry?
wolsey maintain peace - henry excitement + adventures of war
what were henry’s foreign policy aims?
–glory in war + securing French crown
wolsey aims
- preserve balance power in europe - ensure neither charles V spain or francis I too powerful
- close links w/ papacy
- mediating peace - humanistic peace
- serve kings interest
- raise profile
- avoid parliament + raising taxation
what was Wolsey’s principle aim?
-preserve balance of power in Europe - ensure neither Charles V Spain or Francis I France could ignore England’s interest
why could you say that Wolsey’s foreign policy was a success
- flexible and adaptable
- -> capitalised on division between hawks (war) and doves (peace) - playing off one side against the other to suit policy = satisfy king
-Who were England’s allies in the war with France 1512?
- spain, venice + pope Julius II
-How did Wolsey impress Henry during war with France?
- involved for first time + gained experience w/ army - feeding + organising them - conducting himself despite setbacks w/ ferdinand
-In which year did England send a large army to France and who was in command?
-1513 w/ henry
-What was Wolsey’s role in the war with France?
quartermaster general - feeding + supplying army
-Where was a French force defeated in 1513?
-therouanne
-Which town was captured?
Tournai (but land wasn’t fertile ‘doghole’)
-How did the successes in war with France help Henry and Wolsey’s reputations?
-ensured not left out of Valois-Habsburg alliance
EVID to show wolsey’s foreign policy success was short lived
–> Valois-Tudor alliance
success?
1514 - Louis XII france - Wolsey negotiate marriage w/ Mary == Henry’s main aim to secure dynasty
–> gains 100,000 crowns + English possession Tournai
EVID to show wolsey’s foreign policy success was short lived
–> Valois-Tudor alliance
BUT
death Louis 1515 + Francis on thrown = treaty short-lived
although wolsey cemented his place as kings chief diplomat
The Treaty London 1518: - international recognition
-who signed Treaty Of London ? (similar to collective security)
- wolsey organises (achieves aim of peace) - papal legate powers
- > 20 w/ England france Spain holy roman
-What did the treaty london agree to?
commit to policy peaceful cooperation - war on any ruler break terms treaty
BUT HOW WAS SUCCESS IN Treaty of London short-lived
-Charles V of Spain becomes holy roman emperor = success short-lived
how was field on cloth and gold perhaps surface level success?
-Charles + Francis fight for roman emperor in 1519 Charles wins
-neither talk - June 1520 wolsey negotiates field of cloth and gold (large festival of extravagance)
-
field of cloth + gold BIG FAILURE in two ways
- made it appear to Charles V that Henry sided w/ Francis
- Venetian ambassador reports Francis + Charles were only trying to outdo each other - HATED each other
when did france declare war on Charles
1521 – breaking terms of treaty London
what did Wolsey agree to in 1521 w/ treaty of
anglo imperial alliance treaty of Bruges
(pledged to send English army against france)
–>perceived success = fail
(henry’s wife Charles aunt)
when was English army sent - what happened
1523 - war not in Habsburg favour so wolsey betrays Charles + withdraws
what happens after wolsey betrays Charles + withdraws
1525 battle of pavia - Charles victory over French - French captured
how did events of the war break down valois habsburg alliance ?
Charles doesn’t give any benefits to Henry - lost trust
what did Francis do to Charles
-francis + Pope Clement VII attack Charles
amicable grant
- date
- why raised
- why failure
- 1525
- for war w/ france
- non parliamentary tax = revolt ( as accounted by Edward Hall)
what was the 1526 league of cognac?
-who and what
anti imperial alliance - England allies help shoulder financial burden of war
ENGLAND NOT A MEMBER BUT AGREED TO SUBSIDISE
what was Wolseys war on diplomacy in 1528
declares war on Charles - frances makes peace w/ Charles + Henry invited to negotiations in treaty of Cambrai (treaty of peace Valois Habsburg)= large power
how successful was foreign policy
- succesful in terms of placing England on centre European stage
- largely only successful in short terms w/ many short-lived treaties e.g. London and tudor Habsburg
- didn’t achieve French crown so failure when assessed against that criteria
- 1526 treaty of madrid charles + francis make peace BUT wolsey excluded - but then subsidised in francis alliance against Charles (league cognac) later that year
between charles + francis treaty
-1526 treaty of madrid charles + francis make peace BUT wolsey excluded BUT then francis forms alliance against charles
3 words to describe henry’s foreign policy
unaccomplished , anachronistic naive + aimless
how much money did Henry VIII spend on war + what was his ordinary I come
1.4 million 1511-1525 ordinary income 110,000 a year
what were the annual incomes of Charles V
Henry trying to match monarch 560,000
what could heavy taxation for war be seen as
unprecedented assault on domestic purse - 2.5 million population England compare 14 million france
