foreign policy Henry VII (to finish) Flashcards
French leaders
Charles VIII france - 1498 - Louis XII
Papal States leader
pope innocent 1492 Alexander VI
spanish leaders
-ferdinand II
Burgundy leader
Phillip I
1485-92
diplomatic - diplomacy to secure throne
1493-1502
peace (w/ Scotland achieved)
1503-09
isolation (less successful - isolated from Europe)
foreign policy factors (4)
- threat invasion / national security
- dynastic threats
- economic aims
- secure dynasty
what country did France attempt to annex - Henry send troops?
- Brittany
- 6,000
- oct 1492
French reaction to Charles asserting his claim to French throne in October 1492-
-3rd November treaty étaples - Charles saw greater glory in Italy
treaty of étaples 1492 - success and failure for Henry
evidence to failure in national security but gain financial success as a side part
-success
–> French pension + no support for warbeck
failure
–> southern side channel French + Brittany lost independence
treaty redon 1489
-britons agree pay cost of 6,000 men sent
Warbeck married who in James IV’s court
Catherine gordon
when did Treaty of Ayton become a full peace ?
signed 1497
–> Warbeck executed + James IV married Margaret = full peace
when was a trade embargo placed on burgundy in warbeck criss
-1493-1496
what was the negotiation with Phillip Henry made in 1508
mallas intercursus(when trapped in storm) --> gained earl Suffolk
when was Treaty Medina Del Campo?
-marriage actually happened
- 1489
- > 1501 - shows how Warbeck impacted Henry’s foreign policy)
who was married to Joanna Castille + why did Ferdinand get angry w/ Henry
- Phillip burgundy
- supported Phillip burgundy in Castilian crisis + kept Catherine’s dowry after Arthur death 1502
who died 1504
-Isabella castille = crisis
1503 Elizabeth York dies - 2 potential marriages fro Henry VII
- Joanna naples - (niece Ferdinand – Ferdinand needs support due to worsening relations w/ France)
- Joanna Castille
why did Henry offer Henry VIII to Louis XII’s niece Margaret of Angouleme
-antagoniseFerdinand ( worsening relations w/ France)
1495 League of Venice for what ?
–> when did Henry join + what did he do to show he was acting on own accord
- drive Charles out of italy
- 1496 w/ help from Ferdinand
- -> England not bound to war w/ France
1496 succesfful as well because –>
-magnus intercursus - end trade embargo on burgundy - English merchants sell w/o tolls on Phillips land
how successful was Henry’s foreign policies
- Henry’s foreign policy was largely successful when considered in regards to his aims - although there were weaknesses in his economic foreign policy this was the intention of Henry, as within his foreign policy the economy lay subordinate to more demanding aims such as national security.
- Although, the caveats of the depleting success of Henry’s policy over his rule and perhaps only surface level victory slightly limit Henry’s success.
national security SUCCESS surface leve
France:-1492 Treaty of Étaples - perkin warbeck → no aid to rebels / Charles pre-occupied w/ Italian disputes + expanding their empire
Scotland:
-assassination James III Battle Sauchieburn 1488- james IV king - no threat
→ Henry’s against france annexing brittany 1491 = tighten relations due to 1295 historic auld alliance
-Treaty Ayton, finalised by death warbeck 1499 = first peace treaty since 1328
HOWEVER - Henry unable to suppress France in Brittany crisis - french annexation gave control of channel + invasion base
Therefore potential threat lurked beneath surface level success but never erupted = SUCCESS
P2 - securing dynasty
- SUCCESS
1489 Medina Del Campo
→ recognition form rising european power
CA- perkin warbeck parading around europe portrayed weakness - catherine did not arrive until 1501 - shows ferdinand questioned Henry’s credibility
-death arthur - weaken agrmt.castilian inheritance dispute - henry favours phillip burgundy - agrmt. Survived but on lose ends
Success w/ Edmund De La Pole:
1506 storm = phillip burgundy take refuge + Mallas Intercursus signed -de la pole
w/ real claim to throne
Improved security - but one storm away from dynastic collapse
P3 - economic - subordinate to security
-Success varied as it lay subordinate to national security
-example contrasting side of Perkin Warbeck
→ to reference previous point - Treaty of Etaples - french pension amounts to 5% royal income
However - etaples only to suppress warbeck + trade agrmt ame alongside if
Finances were sacrificed at expense national security e.g.
–>trade embargo on Phillip Burgundy in perkin warbeck too 1493-96
IMPORTANT NOTE: last years 1503-09 saw weakening position
after elizabeth and arthur’s death - many marriage agrmt.s failed for henry w/. European powers
-HOWEVER- Italian conflict involving france meant england have little threat at end of reign → perhaps England’s lack of superiority in europe = decreased threat
most important factor/ aim in henry’s foreign policies always =
national security
- international alliances → national security
- increase finances - national security
- recognition - international == marriage alliances
when was league Cambrai
1508 - evidence henry’s deteriorating status ( Ferdinand excludes Henry)
when was Magnus intercourses and what did it end
1496 (1493 trade embargo w/ burgundy)
what truce was made w/ france at beginning reign
1485 truce w/ France - extended in 1489
what happened in Scotland 1488
assassination James III scotland - minor James IV king
what did treaty staples French pension make up
5% England annual income
what happened with every treaty Henry VII signed
trade clause within every treaty ( but add on to national security)
what did customs revenue increase from
£33,000 in 1485 to £40,000 in 1509
when was the navigation act
1485 to 86 – limited foreign control English trade (mark scheme said you had to write this one year0
what was restored in 1504
Hanseatic league - in balticc as concerned hanse might give earl Suffolk support
what happened after navigation acts fixed in Medina del campo
spain forbade export Spanish goods on foreign ships
- BUT Medina del campo says only English goods on English ships
evidence of Henry prioritising national security over money
Trade Embargo – Margaret burgundy 1493-96 – financial backlash of cloth – cannot send to Antwerp
position of Henry 1450s
-hundred years war - lose all land except calais
evidence of Henry’s vulnerable position 1450 w/ strength Spain
Ferdinand + Isabella unite Aragon + castille = spain international power
1450 issue w/ Margaret burgundy
burgundy important for trade but Margaret = Yorkist threat
how did Italian wars strengthen Henry’s position
france spain + HRE distracted by Italian wars
how was Henry forced into foreign policy
pretenders - not naturally inclined to do foreign policy
defence trading interest definition
trade / money
national security definition
protecting country from attack
recognition tudor dynasty definition
recognition as true king = marriage alliances +
what should be noted about all of Henry’s treaties
all have financial benefits + national security as all mention pretenders
1485-92
policy diplomacy to secure throne
1493 - 1502
period peace w/ Scotland = secures henry’s position MOST SUCCESSFUL
1503 - 1509
henry’s weakens position + isolation
example of diplomacy in 1485-1492
Holy League when was it
1496 against French in Italy by Ferdinand + Maximilian
what was league Cambrai ?
1508 initially against Ferdinand - france + spain decide to remove Henry
henry’s success in Scotland
-stabilise but no full security - 1493 - 9 yr truce signed England x Scotland (suppresses anti English powers)
1 thing that Henry fails to do in trade
fails to dominate Hanseatic league + fails to gain access to new world via Medina del campo - MISSED OPPORTUNITIES
league Cambrai
Henry not invited to join 1508
malus intercursus downside
never actually took place
