HEME 1.21

Question 1

what is the major source of fuels for cells

Answer 1

Glucose (a carbohydrate)

Question 2

what can be gleamed from measuring the glucose in blood

Answer 2

whether someone is hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic

Question 3

what is fasting hyperglycemia associated with

Answer 3

type 1 OR type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Question 4

what does the body use Sodium for

Answer 4

1 ) regulation of plasma volume

2) generation of nerve impulses
3) generation of muscle cantractions
4) facilitation of glucose absorption in the small intestine

Question 5

what terms are used to describe sodium imbalances

Answer 5

hepernatremia and hyponatremia

Question 6

what are some of the needs the body has for Potassium

Answer 6

1) generation of nerve impulses
2) generation of muscle contractions
3) acid base balance

Question 7

what terms represent potassium imbalances

Answer 7

hyperkalemia and hypokalemia

Question 8

what are some of the need the body has for calcium? (6)

Answer 8

1) muscle contractions
2) cardiac function
3) enzyme activation
4) exycytosis of neurotransmitters
5) blood clotting
6) normal bone and tooth architecture

Question 9

what is more prevelent in the blood Na or K

Answer 9

Na

Question 10

what are some of the needs the body has for Chloride (2)

Answer 10

acid base balance

-facilitates actions of certain neurotransmitters (GABBA, Glycine)

Question 11

where is albumin synthesized

Answer 11

in and by the liver

Question 12

what can albumin be used to screen for

Answer 12

certain liver and kidney disorders as well as other diseases

Question 13

what are 4 functions of albumin

Answer 13

1) maintenance of oncotic pressure
2) transportation of thyroid hormones, fat soluble hormones, free fatty acids, unconjugated bilirubin, many drugs
3) competitively binds calcuim ions (Ca+2)
4) maintenance of pH (acts as a buffer)

Question 14

what causes creatinine levels to increase

Answer 14

the kidney filters this wast p[roduct from skeletal levels, when they fail, levels increase in the blood

Question 15

where does urea come from

Answer 15

it is a waste product made in the liver from amino acid metabolism
it is also filtered by the kidneys

Question 16

what does BUN stand for

Answer 16

Blood uera nitrogen, the measure of the amount of urea in the blood

Question 17

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Answer 17

an enzyme mainly found in the liver: involved in amino acid catabolism

Question 18

aspartate aminothansferase (AST)

Answer 18

an enzyme found in the liver and a few other places particularly the heart and skeletal muscles; involved of amino acid catabolism

Question 19

alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Answer 19

• related to bile ducts
• increase when blocked or inflamed
• when they are found in the blood, they reflect liver damage

Question 20

Bilirubin is a wast product of what

Answer 20

metabolism of hemoglobin inside of the RBC

Question 21

what are the three tissues responsible for responsible of removing dead RBC

Answer 21

liver, spleen, and some bone marrow

Question 22

where is all bilirubin sent to be processed

Answer 22

the liver

Question 23

what is CO2 a waste product of

Answer 23

aerobic matabolism

Question 24

what is a complete cholesterol test reffered to as

Answer 24

Lipid panel or lipid profile

Question 25

what four types of lipid will a lipid panel measure

Answer 25

• low-density lipoprotiens cholesterol (LDL-C)
• High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
• triglycerides
• Total cholesterol

Question 26

what are cholesterol test done for

Answer 26

asses patients risk of coronary artery disease or risk of vascular disease in other parts of the body

Question 27

what are the two sources of cholesterol

Answer 27

1) the liver (endogenous cholesterol

2) the diet (exogenous cholesterol)

Question 28

what is the catalyzing enzyme in cholesterol synthesis and what drugs target this enzyme

Answer 28

HMG-CoA reductase (statin drugs target this enzyme)

Question 29

what has been dubed “bad cholesterol”

Answer 29

LDL-C