1.3 Flashcards
where and at what rate are RBC synthesized
In the red bone marrow at a rate of 200 billion per day
where can red bone marrow be found
flat bones, irrectular bones, and epiphyses of long bones
where can yellow bone marrow be found
Medullary cavity
true or false: in cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production
TRUE
where are RBC formed in the fetus
in the liver and spleen
what is the term used to describe when RBC are synthesized in the liver of spleen
extramedullary erythropoiesis
when can extramedullary erythropoiesis occur in an adult
When a disease destroys the bone marrow
what is the most important growth factor in erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin
what is erythropoitin released by
by the kidney (and to a small extent by the liver)
what are reticulocytes
immature RBC still containing some organells
what are the absolute ‘ingredients” for making normal RBC
amino acids, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12
how can reticulocytes be be identified
by very slight basophilic staining (stains the organells)
true or false: erythropoietin production involves a positive feedback loop
false: negative feedback loop
what makes the EPO levels drop
increased levels of oxygen
what occurs when oxygen levels are low in regards to EPO (erythropoietin)
EPO levels rise, RBC productions increases until oxygen levels return to normal
how many major protiens types are part of the RBC cell wall
only 10-15 (other cells may have hundreds) major proteins and many minor proteins
what is unique about the RBC cytoskeleton
some or the proteins are only found in the RBC
what is band 3
in integral protein makin up about 25% of all proteins in the red blood cell,
- function in anion transport
- linkage of the lipid bilater to the underlying membrane skeleton
what is glycophorins
negatively charged proteins that reduce the interaction of red cells with on another and with other cells
aquaorin -1
serve as selectiveprotesfr water transprot
what peripheral proteins are importatn to provide RBC with a flexible, but resilient and stable membrane
- ankerin
- protein 4.1
- protein 4.2
- spectrin
what causes hereditary spherocytosis
defects in the red cell protiens
what happens to abnormally shaped RBC
the undergo hemolysis and suffer pre-matrue destruction
what processes in the red blood cell require energy
- red cell membraneintegrity
- red cell shape
- hemoglobin sulfhygryl groups must be maintained in reduced froms
- iron must be kept in reduced from
- ion gradient
what occurs when a RBS has insuffeceint energy
the call becomes a spherocyte (spherical)
erythrocyte cludose metablolism depends on what
exclusively on cytosolic proteins
about 90% of glucose in RBC is matabolized how
by glycolosis
how much RBC glucose is matabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway
10%
what enzyme is necessary for the PPP
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
where is the spleen located
in LUQ (left upper quadrant)
when it the spleen most often injured
abdominal trauma
what saline solution of isotonic with plasma
0.9% Nacl solution
what is an other term used for when a cell increases volume
creanete
