Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 components of blood?
A
Cellular component / formed elements
Fluid components / plasma
2
Q
What cells do formed elements originate from?
A
Hemocytoblasts
3
Q
What are the types of formed elements?
A
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Thromboblasts
4
Q
What is the formation of erythrocytes called?
A
Erythropoiesis
5
Q
What cells are erythrocytes formed from?
A
Hemocytoblasts
6
Q
What is the shape of a mature erythrocyte ?
A
Biconcave discoid shape
7
Q
How does Rbc come biconcave discoid shaped?
A
By losing its nucleii during erythropoiesis
8
Q
Erythropoiesis is catalyzed by what hormone from the kidney?
A
Erythropoietin
9
Q
What produced erythropoietin?
A
Kidney
10
Q
Oxyhemoglobin is formed by what?
A
Rbc and hemoglobin- transports oxygen through blood
11
Q
What component of blood gives its bright red colour?
A
Oxyhemoglobin
12
Q
Lifespan of RBC?
A
120 days
13
Q
Graveyard of RBC?
A
Spleen
14
Q
What happens to RBC in the spleen?
A
Gets digested by macrophages
15
Q
What blood component releases bilirubin?
A
Heme after breakdown of hemoglobin
16
Q
What is the function of RBC?
A
Transport of oxygen throughout the body
17
Q
Formation of blood is called ?
A
Hematopioesis
18
Q
Blood cells are called ?
A
Hematocyte
19
Q
Immature blood cells are called?
A
Hematocytoblast
20
Q
What is the benefit of the shape of RBC?
A
Easy movement through blood stream
21
Q
What is required for heme to join globin?
A
RBC
22
Q
Process of destruction of rbc is called?
A
Hemolysis
23
Q
What happens to heme after hemolysis?
A
Heme releases iron to decompose and form bilirubin
Some recycle into transferring and then to ferritin
24
Q
What happens to the globin part after hemolysis?
A
Globin is recycled to amino acids
25
Brown pigmentation of fecal matter is due to what?
Bile
26
WBC is called what?
Leukocyte
27
WBC is called what?
Leukocyte
28
Life span of leukocyte ?
12-19 days
29
Function of leukocyte ?
To fight against infections and foreign materials
30
What is the colour of leukocyte?
Colorless
31
What are the two classifications of leukocyte?
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
32
What are the 3 types of granulocyte?
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
33
What is the precursor cells of granulocytes ?
Myeloblast
34
What are the types of agranulocytes ?
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
35
What is the function of the enzyme found in granulocytes?
These enzymes are released and fights against infections.
36
What are monoblasts ?
Precursor cells of monocytes
37
What are the precursor cells of lymphocyte?
Lymphoblasts
38
Most abundant leukocyte ?
Neutrophils
39
% of neutrophil ?
40-70%
40
What is the first line responders among leukocytes ?
Neutrophils
41
How does neutrophil stain ?
Neutral on basic and acidic dye
42
What is primary function of neutrophil ?
Phagocytosis
43
What foreign materials does neutrophils predominantly target?
Bacterial and fungal
44
What is the 2nd most abundant type of granulocytes?
Eosinophils
45
What is % of eosinophils?
2-3%
46
How does eosinophils stain?
Brick red on acidic dye
47
What foreign body does eosinophils predominantly fight against?
Parasites
48
What are the least common type of granulocytes?
Basophils
49
What is the largest type of granulocyte ?
Basophils
50
How does basophil stain?
Stain to basic dye
51
Histamine, serotonin and heparin are induced by which leukocyte ?
Basophil
52
What are the types of lymphocytes?
B- cells
T-cells
NK cells
53
Where are lymphocytes found?
Lymph nodes
54
Main function of T-cells?
Direct attack during immune response
Possess memory of foreign body to be used later on
55
Main function of B-cells?
Make anti-bodies
56
Two types of T-cells ?
CD4+
CD8+
57
Main function of monocytes?
Phagocytosis
58
What are macrophages ?
Monocytes after they enter tissue are called macrophages
59
What are thrombocytes ?
Platelets
60
What are thrombocytes formed from ?
Megakaryocyte in bone marrow
61
Is megakaryocyte multinucleated ?
Yes
62
What are the precursor cells of megakaryocyte ?
Megakaryoblast
63
Which hormone is involved in production of thrombocytes ?
Thrombopoietin
64
What produces thrombopoietin?
Kidney and liver
65
Life span of thrombocytes ?
8-9 days
66
How many clotting factors ?
12
67
What minerals are used by liver to help in blood coagulation ?
Vitamin K and calcium
68
What makes up plasma ?
Water, sugar, proteins, hormones
69
What are plasma proteins?
Albumin, globulin, prothrombin, fibrinogen
70
Function of albumin in plasma ?
Osmotic balance
71
Function of globulin?
Become antibodies alpha, beta, gamma immunoglobulins
72
Function of fibrinogen and prothrombin?
Clotting
73
What is electrophoresis?
Process by which immunoglobulins can be separated
74
What is plasmaphoresis?
Process by which formed elements and plasma can be separated
75
What are the blood groups?
ABO blood group with or without Rhesus factor
76
Which blood group is universal recipient ?
AB
77
Why is AB blood group universal recipient ?
AB antigen and no antibody
78
What is universal blood donor ?
O
79
Why is O group universal donor?
No antigen, AB antibodies
80
Anemia is due to what?
Loss of ability of rbc to carry oxygen, or excessive hemolysis of rbc or less production of rbc
81
Anemia level in men ?
13-14g/dL
82
Anemia in woman ?
12-13g/dL
83
What is aplastic anemia?
No production of rbc due to damaged bone marrow
84
Hemolytic anemia
Excessive destruction of rbc
85
Iron deficiency anemia
Due to iron deficiency
86
Pernicious anemia
Vit b12 deficiency
87
Sickle cell anemia
RBC turns sickle shape and die faster
88
Hereditary spherocytosis?
RBC becomes sphere shaped leading to faster hemolysis
89
Macrocytic anemia
Abnormally large rbc
90
Microcytic anemia
Abnormally small rbc
91
Normocytic anemia
Low rbc low hemoglobin
92
Thalassemia is ?
Inability to produce hemoglobin
93
Abnormally shaped rbc with no hemoglobin is which condition?
Thalassemia or Cooley’s anemia
94
What is polycythemia Vera?
Excessive rbc production cancer
95
Erythremia?
Chronic polycythemia
96
Leukemia?
Cancer of wbc
97
Classification of leukemia?
Lymphocytic leukemia
Myelogenous leukemia
98
Which leukemia is most common in children?
Lymphocytic leukemia
99
Cancer of lymphocytes is called?
Lymphoma
100
What are the two types of lymphoma?
Hodgkins
Non-hodgkins
101
What is kahlers disease?
Myeloma
102
What is cancer of plasma cells?
Myeloma
103
Granulocytosis?
Abnormal increase in granulocytes in blood
104
Mononucleosis
Disease caused by increase in number of lymphocytes with enlarged cervical lymph nodes
105
What does Epstein bar virus cause ?
Mononucleosis
106
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune disease
107
Hemophilia
Excessive bleeding due to lack of clotting factors
108
Types of hemophilia?
Hemophilia A - CF 8
Hemophilia B - CF 9
109
What is pinpoint hemorrhage ?
petechiae
110
Body destroys own platelets ?
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura
111
What is the term for removing small amount of blood for medical testing?
Transfusion
112
Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from body to RA?
Svc and Ivc
113
Which is protein part in hemoglobin?
Globin
114
Which condition results from deficiency of clotting factors in blood and leads to prolonged bleeding?
Hemophilia
115
Which is the medical condition which occurred when a portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of blood supply?
Myocardial infarction
116
Which is a congenital heart defect where the aorta is abnormally placed to the right instead of left?
Tetrology of fallot
117
Which is a congenital heart defect where the aorta is abnormally placed to the right instead of left?
Tetrology of fallot
118
Most common type of secondary hypertension
Renal hypertension
119
Blood disorder characterized by too many rbc leading to increase blood clot ?
Polycythemia Vera
