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Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 components of blood?

A

Cellular component / formed elements
Fluid components / plasma

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2
Q

What cells do formed elements originate from?

A

Hemocytoblasts

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3
Q

What are the types of formed elements?

A

Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Thromboblasts

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4
Q

What is the formation of erythrocytes called?

A

Erythropoiesis

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5
Q

What cells are erythrocytes formed from?

A

Hemocytoblasts

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6
Q

What is the shape of a mature erythrocyte ?

A

Biconcave discoid shape

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7
Q

How does Rbc come biconcave discoid shaped?

A

By losing its nucleii during erythropoiesis

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8
Q

Erythropoiesis is catalyzed by what hormone from the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin

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9
Q

What produced erythropoietin?

A

Kidney

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10
Q

Oxyhemoglobin is formed by what?

A

Rbc and hemoglobin- transports oxygen through blood

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11
Q

What component of blood gives its bright red colour?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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12
Q

Lifespan of RBC?

A

120 days

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13
Q

Graveyard of RBC?

A

Spleen

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14
Q

What happens to RBC in the spleen?

A

Gets digested by macrophages

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15
Q

What blood component releases bilirubin?

A

Heme after breakdown of hemoglobin

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16
Q

What is the function of RBC?

A

Transport of oxygen throughout the body

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17
Q

Formation of blood is called ?

A

Hematopioesis

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18
Q

Blood cells are called ?

A

Hematocyte

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19
Q

Immature blood cells are called?

A

Hematocytoblast

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20
Q

What is the benefit of the shape of RBC?

A

Easy movement through blood stream

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21
Q

What is required for heme to join globin?

A

RBC

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22
Q

Process of destruction of rbc is called?

A

Hemolysis

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23
Q

What happens to heme after hemolysis?

A

Heme releases iron to decompose and form bilirubin
Some recycle into transferring and then to ferritin

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24
Q

What happens to the globin part after hemolysis?

A

Globin is recycled to amino acids

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25
Q

Brown pigmentation of fecal matter is due to what?

A

Bile

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26
Q

WBC is called what?

A

Leukocyte

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27
Q

WBC is called what?

A

Leukocyte

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28
Q

Life span of leukocyte ?

A

12-19 days

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29
Q

Function of leukocyte ?

A

To fight against infections and foreign materials

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30
Q

What is the colour of leukocyte?

A

Colorless

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31
Q

What are the two classifications of leukocyte?

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocyte?

A

Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil

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33
Q

What is the precursor cells of granulocytes ?

A

Myeloblast

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34
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes ?

A

Lymphocyte
Monocyte

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35
Q

What is the function of the enzyme found in granulocytes?

A

These enzymes are released and fights against infections.

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36
Q

What are monoblasts ?

A

Precursor cells of monocytes

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37
Q

What are the precursor cells of lymphocyte?

A

Lymphoblasts

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38
Q

Most abundant leukocyte ?

A

Neutrophils

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39
Q

% of neutrophil ?

A

40-70%

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40
Q

What is the first line responders among leukocytes ?

A

Neutrophils

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41
Q

How does neutrophil stain ?

A

Neutral on basic and acidic dye

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42
Q

What is primary function of neutrophil ?

A

Phagocytosis

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43
Q

What foreign materials does neutrophils predominantly target?

A

Bacterial and fungal

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44
Q

What is the 2nd most abundant type of granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils

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45
Q

What is % of eosinophils?

A

2-3%

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46
Q

How does eosinophils stain?

A

Brick red on acidic dye

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47
Q

What foreign body does eosinophils predominantly fight against?

A

Parasites

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48
Q

What are the least common type of granulocytes?

49
Q

What is the largest type of granulocyte ?

50
Q

How does basophil stain?

A

Stain to basic dye

51
Q

Histamine, serotonin and heparin are induced by which leukocyte ?

52
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

B- cells
T-cells
NK cells

53
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

Lymph nodes

54
Q

Main function of T-cells?

A

Direct attack during immune response
Possess memory of foreign body to be used later on

55
Q

Main function of B-cells?

A

Make anti-bodies

56
Q

Two types of T-cells ?

57
Q

Main function of monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis

58
Q

What are macrophages ?

A

Monocytes after they enter tissue are called macrophages

59
Q

What are thrombocytes ?

60
Q

What are thrombocytes formed from ?

A

Megakaryocyte in bone marrow

61
Q

Is megakaryocyte multinucleated ?

62
Q

What are the precursor cells of megakaryocyte ?

A

Megakaryoblast

63
Q

Which hormone is involved in production of thrombocytes ?

A

Thrombopoietin

64
Q

What produces thrombopoietin?

A

Kidney and liver

65
Q

Life span of thrombocytes ?

66
Q

How many clotting factors ?

67
Q

What minerals are used by liver to help in blood coagulation ?

A

Vitamin K and calcium

68
Q

What makes up plasma ?

A

Water, sugar, proteins, hormones

69
Q

What are plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulin, prothrombin, fibrinogen

70
Q

Function of albumin in plasma ?

A

Osmotic balance

71
Q

Function of globulin?

A

Become antibodies alpha, beta, gamma immunoglobulins

72
Q

Function of fibrinogen and prothrombin?

73
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A

Process by which immunoglobulins can be separated

74
Q

What is plasmaphoresis?

A

Process by which formed elements and plasma can be separated

75
Q

What are the blood groups?

A

ABO blood group with or without Rhesus factor

76
Q

Which blood group is universal recipient ?

77
Q

Why is AB blood group universal recipient ?

A

AB antigen and no antibody

78
Q

What is universal blood donor ?

79
Q

Why is O group universal donor?

A

No antigen, AB antibodies

80
Q

Anemia is due to what?

A

Loss of ability of rbc to carry oxygen, or excessive hemolysis of rbc or less production of rbc

81
Q

Anemia level in men ?

82
Q

Anemia in woman ?

83
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

No production of rbc due to damaged bone marrow

84
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Excessive destruction of rbc

85
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Due to iron deficiency

86
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Vit b12 deficiency

87
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

RBC turns sickle shape and die faster

88
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis?

A

RBC becomes sphere shaped leading to faster hemolysis

89
Q

Macrocytic anemia

A

Abnormally large rbc

90
Q

Microcytic anemia

A

Abnormally small rbc

91
Q

Normocytic anemia

A

Low rbc low hemoglobin

92
Q

Thalassemia is ?

A

Inability to produce hemoglobin

93
Q

Abnormally shaped rbc with no hemoglobin is which condition?

A

Thalassemia or Cooley’s anemia

94
Q

What is polycythemia Vera?

A

Excessive rbc production cancer

95
Q

Erythremia?

A

Chronic polycythemia

96
Q

Leukemia?

A

Cancer of wbc

97
Q

Classification of leukemia?

A

Lymphocytic leukemia
Myelogenous leukemia

98
Q

Which leukemia is most common in children?

A

Lymphocytic leukemia

99
Q

Cancer of lymphocytes is called?

100
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma?

A

Hodgkins
Non-hodgkins

101
Q

What is kahlers disease?

102
Q

What is cancer of plasma cells?

103
Q

Granulocytosis?

A

Abnormal increase in granulocytes in blood

104
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Disease caused by increase in number of lymphocytes with enlarged cervical lymph nodes

105
Q

What does Epstein bar virus cause ?

A

Mononucleosis

106
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Autoimmune disease

107
Q

Hemophilia

A

Excessive bleeding due to lack of clotting factors

108
Q

Types of hemophilia?

A

Hemophilia A - CF 8
Hemophilia B - CF 9

109
Q

What is pinpoint hemorrhage ?

110
Q

Body destroys own platelets ?

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

111
Q

What is the term for removing small amount of blood for medical testing?

A

Transfusion

112
Q

Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from body to RA?

A

Svc and Ivc

113
Q

Which is protein part in hemoglobin?

114
Q

Which condition results from deficiency of clotting factors in blood and leads to prolonged bleeding?

A

Hemophilia

115
Q

Which is the medical condition which occurred when a portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of blood supply?

A

Myocardial infarction

116
Q

Which is a congenital heart defect where the aorta is abnormally placed to the right instead of left?

A

Tetrology of fallot

117
Q

Which is a congenital heart defect where the aorta is abnormally placed to the right instead of left?

A

Tetrology of fallot

118
Q

Most common type of secondary hypertension

A

Renal hypertension

119
Q

Blood disorder characterized by too many rbc leading to increase blood clot ?

A

Polycythemia Vera

ASAP (19 decks)

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