Digestive System Flashcards
What is the alimentary canal
The organs involved in the digestion joined as a long tube that extends from mouth to anus
Function of digestive system?
Organs of the digestive system
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Accessory glands
What is digestion
Process of chemical and mechanical breakdown of the complex food material into simpler substances
Absorption
Process of absorption of nutrients into blood stream as food passes through the walls of the alimentary canal
Elimination
Process of elimination unabsorbed waste material from GI tract through anus
What is oral cavity ?
The beginning of the alimentary canal where food is first inserted.
Lining of oral cavity?
Oral mucosa
2 parts of oral cavity?
Vestibule
Oral cavity proper
Which parts are the vestibule of the oral cavity?
Area between lips and cheeks
What is labial frenulum?
Thin layer of tissue that connects lip to the jaw
Types of labia frenulum?
Maxillary labia frenulum ( upper lip)
Mandibles labial frenulum (lower lip)
Borders of the oral cavity proper
Roof : hard palate anteriorly
Soft palate posteriorly
Base : tongue
Tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by what?
Lingual frenulum
Functions of the tongue ?
Mastication
Deglutition
Gustatory perception
Speech
What is circumvallate papillae?
Raised areas on the upper surface of the tongue that help in taste perception
What is diphyodont dentition?
Two sets of teeth in a lifetime
What is uvula?
Tissue that hangs from the soft palate which helps in speech, salivation, swallowing
Types of teeth
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Major parts of a tooth
Crown
Root
Crown is covered by what?
Enamel
What is Dentin?
Yellow bony tissue that lies beneath the enamel
Which part of the tooth is embedded in the gums ?
Root
Function of cementum?
Covers and protects the dentin
What is pulp?
Vascular tissue underneath the dentin is pulp
What is pharynx?
Muscular tube lined with mucous membrane which serves as a passage for air and food
Parts of pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What serves as food pipe in the alimentary canal?
Esophagus
Location of stomach?
Left upper quadrant in the abdominal cavity
Parts of the stomach?
Fundus
Body
Pyloris
What are the two sphincters in GI?
Cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
What is another name for lower esophageal sphincter ?
Cardiac sphincter
What is a sphincter ?
Ring like band of muscles that controls the openings in our body that aid in physiological processes
What is rugae?
The gastric mucosa has multiple folds called rugae to increase surface area and help in mechanical breakdown of food
What produces gastric lipase?
Gastric mucosa
What are the gastric enzymes ?
Pepsin
Gastric lipase
Hydrochloride acid
What protects the gastric mucosa from hcl?
Mucin
What part of small intestine receives secretion from liver ?
Duodenum
What part of entero receives secretions from gall bladder and pancreas ?
Duodenum
Which sphincter controls the follow of bile from liver ?
Sphincter of oddi
What is brunners gland?
Gland in the duodenum which secretes mucous rich alkaline substance to activate pancreatic protease (trypsin)
What are the parts of small intestine ?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Which part of small intestine is the longest and shortest ?
Longest : ileum
Shortest : duodenum
Parts of the large intestine ?
Cecum
Ascending colon
Hepatic flexure
Transverse colon
Splenic flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid
Rectum
Anus
What are the sphincters of anus?
Internal
External sphincters
What are the types of salivary glands ?
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
Heaviest organ?
Liver
Location of liver ?
Right upper quadrant below the diaphragm
What is glisson’s capsule?
Fibroelastic membrane covering the liver
Cells of the liver
Hepatocytes
Kupffer cells
Functions of liver
Secretion of bile
Detoxification of blood
Immunity
Coagulation factors synthesis
Maintains blood glucose level
What is bile?
Dark green secretion of live that helps in digestion of fat in the small intestine
What are the components of bile?
Cholesterol
Bile acids
Bilirubin
Biliverdin
Where is bile stored ?
Gall bladder
How does bile flow from liver to gall bladder ?
Liver - bile duct - cystic duct - gall bladder
Hepatipancreatic duct?
Common duct where bile and pancreatic enzymes flow to reach the duodenum through the sphincter of oddi
How does liver detox blood?
Through the hepatic portal system
Hepatic portal system carries blood from where ?
Hepatic portal vein and its tributaries drain blood in all areas of the Gi, between esophagus and rectum and supplementary organs such as spleen and pancreas
Function of the hepatic portal system
Supplies liver with metabolites required to detox blood before it reaches the systemic circulation limiting damage from ingested toxins
What part of liver is responsible for immunity?
Kupffer cells - clear bacteria, viruses, dead erythrocytes
How does liver maintain blood glucose levels?
Insulin converts excess glucose to glycogen.
Glycogen is stored in liver.
Low glucose level - glycogen converts to glucose
What is glycogenolysis?
Glycogen broken down to simpler glucose
What is gluconeogenesis?
When fats and proteins are converted to carbs
What is the mixed function of pancreas ?
Exocrine - pancreatic juice : protease, lipase, amylase
Endocrine - hormones : insulin , glucagon
Layers of GI
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
Which layer of the GI enables peristalsis?
Muscularis layer
Where does carbohydrates digestion occur first in the Alimentary canal?
Mouth with help of salivary amylase
Water absorption takes place where ?
Colon
Maximum absorption of nutrients takes place where ?
Ileum
Stomatitis
Any inflammatory process affecting mucous membrane of mouth and lips with or without ulceration
Dental caries
Deposition of plaque on the surface of the tooth with bacterial growth, destroying enamel and resulting in tooth decay
Achalasia
Failure of cardiac sphincter to relax after swallowing preventing food from passing to the stomach
GERD
Gastric Esophageal Reflux disease
Acidic liquid content of stomach goes into the esophagus damaging the esophageal mucosa and causing esophagitis
PUD
Peptic ulcer disease
Painful sores on the lining of the stomach or duodenum
PUD infectious cause ?
H.Pylori
Types of PUD
Gastric ulcer
Duodenal ulcer
Esophageal ulcer
Diverticulitis
Waste particles gets trapped in the lining of the intestines and form diverticulosis. If it gets infected, it Is called diverticulitis
Common site of diverticulitis
Sigmoid colon
Non-infectious lifestyle cause of diverticulitis ?
High fat low fiber diet
IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
Groups of disorders of GI tract
Diarrhea alternating with constipation
What is spastic colon?
Irritable bowel syndrome
Diarrhea alternating with constipation is feature of what GI issue?
IBS
IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease
Chronic inflammation of GI tract
Types of IBD
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic Inflammation from mouth to anus, autoimmune
Crohn’s disease
Crohn’s disease is commonly seen where in GI?
Terminal part of ileum
Chronic inflammation alone large intestine and rectum
Ulcerative colitis
Ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Volvulus
Intestine twists upon itself
Blocks blood flow
Intussusception
Telescoping of one portion of intestine to other
Common area of intussusception?
Ileocecal area
Common symptom of intussuscpetion?
Red jelly like stools in children
What is ileus?
Intestinal obstruction
Dysentery
Intestinal inflammation due to infection
Most common causative organism of disentry
Shigella
Hernia
Protrusion of organ through the muscle that contains it
Initial hernia
Through groin
Enigmatic hernia
Through epigastric region
Femoral hernia
Through femoral region
Incisional hernia
Through any surgical incision
Umbilical hernia
Through umbilicus
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of upper part of stomach through the hiatal opening on diaphragm where esophagus passes through
Hemorrhoids
Swollen varicose veins in the rectal region
anal fistula
Abnormal tubular connection near the anus which may communicate with rectum
Anal fissure
Narrow slot on the anal wall
Cholelithoasis
Stone formation the gall bladder or cystic duct
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of pancreas
Cirrhosis
Chronic disease of liver with degeneration of cells, inflammation and fibrous thickening of tissue
Types of liver cirrhosis
Alcoholic
Viral - hep B,C,D
Biliary - primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosis cholangitis
Hepatitis A
Through food and water
Hepatitis B
Through blood, infected needles, dental and surgical instruments
Hepatitis C
Blood, blood products, body fluids
Nissen’s dundoplication
GERD Surgery to fix lower esophageal sphincter
Anastomosis
Surgical connection between two tubular structures
PEG
Percutaneous Endoscopic gastrostomy
Mouth like opening made through skin to scope GI
Paracentesis
Surgical puncture to drain fluid
ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
