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ASAP > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alimentary canal

A

The organs involved in the digestion joined as a long tube that extends from mouth to anus

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2
Q

Function of digestive system?

A
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3
Q

Organs of the digestive system

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Accessory glands

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4
Q

What is digestion

A

Process of chemical and mechanical breakdown of the complex food material into simpler substances

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5
Q

Absorption

A

Process of absorption of nutrients into blood stream as food passes through the walls of the alimentary canal

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6
Q

Elimination

A

Process of elimination unabsorbed waste material from GI tract through anus

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7
Q

What is oral cavity ?

A

The beginning of the alimentary canal where food is first inserted.

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8
Q

Lining of oral cavity?

A

Oral mucosa

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9
Q

2 parts of oral cavity?

A

Vestibule
Oral cavity proper

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10
Q

Which parts are the vestibule of the oral cavity?

A

Area between lips and cheeks

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11
Q

What is labial frenulum?

A

Thin layer of tissue that connects lip to the jaw

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12
Q

Types of labia frenulum?

A

Maxillary labia frenulum ( upper lip)
Mandibles labial frenulum (lower lip)

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13
Q

Borders of the oral cavity proper

A

Roof : hard palate anteriorly
Soft palate posteriorly

Base : tongue

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14
Q

Tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by what?

A

Lingual frenulum

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15
Q

Functions of the tongue ?

A

Mastication
Deglutition
Gustatory perception
Speech

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16
Q

What is circumvallate papillae?

A

Raised areas on the upper surface of the tongue that help in taste perception

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17
Q

What is diphyodont dentition?

A

Two sets of teeth in a lifetime

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18
Q

What is uvula?

A

Tissue that hangs from the soft palate which helps in speech, salivation, swallowing

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19
Q

Types of teeth

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars

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20
Q

Major parts of a tooth

A

Crown
Root

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21
Q

Crown is covered by what?

A

Enamel

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22
Q

What is Dentin?

A

Yellow bony tissue that lies beneath the enamel

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23
Q

Which part of the tooth is embedded in the gums ?

A

Root

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24
Q

Function of cementum?

A

Covers and protects the dentin

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25
Q

What is pulp?

A

Vascular tissue underneath the dentin is pulp

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26
Q

What is pharynx?

A

Muscular tube lined with mucous membrane which serves as a passage for air and food

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27
Q

Parts of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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28
Q

What serves as food pipe in the alimentary canal?

A

Esophagus

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29
Q

Location of stomach?

A

Left upper quadrant in the abdominal cavity

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30
Q

Parts of the stomach?

A

Fundus
Body
Pyloris

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31
Q

What are the two sphincters in GI?

A

Cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter

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32
Q

What is another name for lower esophageal sphincter ?

A

Cardiac sphincter

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33
Q

What is a sphincter ?

A

Ring like band of muscles that controls the openings in our body that aid in physiological processes

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34
Q

What is rugae?

A

The gastric mucosa has multiple folds called rugae to increase surface area and help in mechanical breakdown of food

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35
Q

What produces gastric lipase?

A

Gastric mucosa

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36
Q

What are the gastric enzymes ?

A

Pepsin
Gastric lipase
Hydrochloride acid

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37
Q

What protects the gastric mucosa from hcl?

A

Mucin

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38
Q

What part of small intestine receives secretion from liver ?

A

Duodenum

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39
Q

What part of entero receives secretions from gall bladder and pancreas ?

A

Duodenum

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40
Q

Which sphincter controls the follow of bile from liver ?

A

Sphincter of oddi

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41
Q

What is brunners gland?

A

Gland in the duodenum which secretes mucous rich alkaline substance to activate pancreatic protease (trypsin)

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42
Q

What are the parts of small intestine ?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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43
Q

Which part of small intestine is the longest and shortest ?

A

Longest : ileum
Shortest : duodenum

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44
Q

Parts of the large intestine ?

A

Cecum
Ascending colon
Hepatic flexure
Transverse colon
Splenic flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid
Rectum
Anus

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45
Q

What are the sphincters of anus?

A

Internal
External sphincters

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46
Q

What are the types of salivary glands ?

A

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

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47
Q

Heaviest organ?

48
Q

Location of liver ?

A

Right upper quadrant below the diaphragm

49
Q

What is glisson’s capsule?

A

Fibroelastic membrane covering the liver

50
Q

Cells of the liver

A

Hepatocytes
Kupffer cells

51
Q

Functions of liver

A

Secretion of bile
Detoxification of blood
Immunity
Coagulation factors synthesis
Maintains blood glucose level

52
Q

What is bile?

A

Dark green secretion of live that helps in digestion of fat in the small intestine

53
Q

What are the components of bile?

A

Cholesterol
Bile acids
Bilirubin
Biliverdin

54
Q

Where is bile stored ?

A

Gall bladder

55
Q

How does bile flow from liver to gall bladder ?

A

Liver - bile duct - cystic duct - gall bladder

56
Q

Hepatipancreatic duct?

A

Common duct where bile and pancreatic enzymes flow to reach the duodenum through the sphincter of oddi

57
Q

How does liver detox blood?

A

Through the hepatic portal system

58
Q

Hepatic portal system carries blood from where ?

A

Hepatic portal vein and its tributaries drain blood in all areas of the Gi, between esophagus and rectum and supplementary organs such as spleen and pancreas

59
Q

Function of the hepatic portal system

A

Supplies liver with metabolites required to detox blood before it reaches the systemic circulation limiting damage from ingested toxins

60
Q

What part of liver is responsible for immunity?

A

Kupffer cells - clear bacteria, viruses, dead erythrocytes

61
Q

How does liver maintain blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin converts excess glucose to glycogen.
Glycogen is stored in liver.
Low glucose level - glycogen converts to glucose

62
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen broken down to simpler glucose

63
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

When fats and proteins are converted to carbs

64
Q

What is the mixed function of pancreas ?

A

Exocrine - pancreatic juice : protease, lipase, amylase
Endocrine - hormones : insulin , glucagon

65
Q

Layers of GI

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

66
Q

Which layer of the GI enables peristalsis?

A

Muscularis layer

67
Q

Where does carbohydrates digestion occur first in the Alimentary canal?

A

Mouth with help of salivary amylase

68
Q

Water absorption takes place where ?

69
Q

Maximum absorption of nutrients takes place where ?

70
Q

Stomatitis

A

Any inflammatory process affecting mucous membrane of mouth and lips with or without ulceration

71
Q

Dental caries

A

Deposition of plaque on the surface of the tooth with bacterial growth, destroying enamel and resulting in tooth decay

72
Q

Achalasia

A

Failure of cardiac sphincter to relax after swallowing preventing food from passing to the stomach

73
Q

GERD

A

Gastric Esophageal Reflux disease
Acidic liquid content of stomach goes into the esophagus damaging the esophageal mucosa and causing esophagitis

74
Q

PUD

A

Peptic ulcer disease
Painful sores on the lining of the stomach or duodenum

75
Q

PUD infectious cause ?

76
Q

Types of PUD

A

Gastric ulcer
Duodenal ulcer
Esophageal ulcer

77
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Waste particles gets trapped in the lining of the intestines and form diverticulosis. If it gets infected, it Is called diverticulitis

78
Q

Common site of diverticulitis

A

Sigmoid colon

79
Q

Non-infectious lifestyle cause of diverticulitis ?

A

High fat low fiber diet

80
Q

IBS

A

Irritable bowel syndrome
Groups of disorders of GI tract
Diarrhea alternating with constipation

81
Q

What is spastic colon?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

82
Q

Diarrhea alternating with constipation is feature of what GI issue?

83
Q

IBD

A

Inflammatory bowel disease
Chronic inflammation of GI tract

84
Q

Types of IBD

A

Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis

85
Q

Chronic Inflammation from mouth to anus, autoimmune

A

Crohn’s disease

86
Q

Crohn’s disease is commonly seen where in GI?

A

Terminal part of ileum

87
Q

Chronic inflammation alone large intestine and rectum

A

Ulcerative colitis

88
Q

Ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

89
Q

Volvulus

A

Intestine twists upon itself
Blocks blood flow

90
Q

Intussusception

A

Telescoping of one portion of intestine to other

91
Q

Common area of intussusception?

A

Ileocecal area

92
Q

Common symptom of intussuscpetion?

A

Red jelly like stools in children

93
Q

What is ileus?

A

Intestinal obstruction

94
Q

Dysentery

A

Intestinal inflammation due to infection

95
Q

Most common causative organism of disentry

96
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of organ through the muscle that contains it

97
Q

Initial hernia

A

Through groin

98
Q

Enigmatic hernia

A

Through epigastric region

99
Q

Femoral hernia

A

Through femoral region

100
Q

Incisional hernia

A

Through any surgical incision

101
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

Through umbilicus

102
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Protrusion of upper part of stomach through the hiatal opening on diaphragm where esophagus passes through

103
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Swollen varicose veins in the rectal region

104
Q

anal fistula

A

Abnormal tubular connection near the anus which may communicate with rectum

105
Q

Anal fissure

A

Narrow slot on the anal wall

106
Q

Cholelithoasis

A

Stone formation the gall bladder or cystic duct

107
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of pancreas

108
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic disease of liver with degeneration of cells, inflammation and fibrous thickening of tissue

109
Q

Types of liver cirrhosis

A

Alcoholic
Viral - hep B,C,D
Biliary - primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosis cholangitis

110
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Through food and water

111
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Through blood, infected needles, dental and surgical instruments

112
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Blood, blood products, body fluids

113
Q

Nissen’s dundoplication

A

GERD Surgery to fix lower esophageal sphincter

114
Q

Anastomosis

A

Surgical connection between two tubular structures

115
Q

PEG

A

Percutaneous Endoscopic gastrostomy
Mouth like opening made through skin to scope GI

116
Q

Paracentesis

A

Surgical puncture to drain fluid

117
Q

ERCP

A

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

ASAP (19 decks)

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