Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the alimentary canal
A
The organs involved in the digestion joined as a long tube that extends from mouth to anus
2
Q
Function of digestive system?
A
3
Q
Organs of the digestive system
A
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Accessory glands
4
Q
What is digestion
A
Process of chemical and mechanical breakdown of the complex food material into simpler substances
5
Q
Absorption
A
Process of absorption of nutrients into blood stream as food passes through the walls of the alimentary canal
6
Q
Elimination
A
Process of elimination unabsorbed waste material from GI tract through anus
7
Q
What is oral cavity ?
A
The beginning of the alimentary canal where food is first inserted.
8
Q
Lining of oral cavity?
A
Oral mucosa
9
Q
2 parts of oral cavity?
A
Vestibule
Oral cavity proper
10
Q
Which parts are the vestibule of the oral cavity?
A
Area between lips and cheeks
11
Q
What is labial frenulum?
A
Thin layer of tissue that connects lip to the jaw
12
Q
Types of labia frenulum?
A
Maxillary labia frenulum ( upper lip)
Mandibles labial frenulum (lower lip)
13
Q
Borders of the oral cavity proper
A
Roof : hard palate anteriorly
Soft palate posteriorly
Base : tongue
14
Q
Tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by what?
A
Lingual frenulum
15
Q
Functions of the tongue ?
A
Mastication
Deglutition
Gustatory perception
Speech
16
Q
What is circumvallate papillae?
A
Raised areas on the upper surface of the tongue that help in taste perception
17
Q
What is diphyodont dentition?
A
Two sets of teeth in a lifetime
18
Q
What is uvula?
A
Tissue that hangs from the soft palate which helps in speech, salivation, swallowing
19
Q
Types of teeth
A
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
20
Q
Major parts of a tooth
A
Crown
Root
21
Q
Crown is covered by what?
A
Enamel
22
Q
What is Dentin?
A
Yellow bony tissue that lies beneath the enamel
23
Q
Which part of the tooth is embedded in the gums ?
A
Root
24
Q
Function of cementum?
A
Covers and protects the dentin
25
What is pulp?
Vascular tissue underneath the dentin is pulp
26
What is pharynx?
Muscular tube lined with mucous membrane which serves as a passage for air and food
27
Parts of pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
28
What serves as food pipe in the alimentary canal?
Esophagus
29
Location of stomach?
Left upper quadrant in the abdominal cavity
30
Parts of the stomach?
Fundus
Body
Pyloris
31
What are the two sphincters in GI?
Cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
32
What is another name for lower esophageal sphincter ?
Cardiac sphincter
33
What is a sphincter ?
Ring like band of muscles that controls the openings in our body that aid in physiological processes
34
What is rugae?
The gastric mucosa has multiple folds called rugae to increase surface area and help in mechanical breakdown of food
35
What produces gastric lipase?
Gastric mucosa
36
What are the gastric enzymes ?
Pepsin
Gastric lipase
Hydrochloride acid
37
What protects the gastric mucosa from hcl?
Mucin
38
What part of small intestine receives secretion from liver ?
Duodenum
39
What part of entero receives secretions from gall bladder and pancreas ?
Duodenum
40
Which sphincter controls the follow of bile from liver ?
Sphincter of oddi
41
What is brunners gland?
Gland in the duodenum which secretes mucous rich alkaline substance to activate pancreatic protease (trypsin)
42
What are the parts of small intestine ?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
43
Which part of small intestine is the longest and shortest ?
Longest : ileum
Shortest : duodenum
44
Parts of the large intestine ?
Cecum
Ascending colon
Hepatic flexure
Transverse colon
Splenic flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid
Rectum
Anus
45
What are the sphincters of anus?
Internal
External sphincters
46
What are the types of salivary glands ?
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
47
Heaviest organ?
Liver
48
Location of liver ?
Right upper quadrant below the diaphragm
49
What is glisson’s capsule?
Fibroelastic membrane covering the liver
50
Cells of the liver
Hepatocytes
Kupffer cells
51
Functions of liver
Secretion of bile
Detoxification of blood
Immunity
Coagulation factors synthesis
Maintains blood glucose level
52
What is bile?
Dark green secretion of live that helps in digestion of fat in the small intestine
53
What are the components of bile?
Cholesterol
Bile acids
Bilirubin
Biliverdin
54
Where is bile stored ?
Gall bladder
55
How does bile flow from liver to gall bladder ?
Liver - bile duct - cystic duct - gall bladder
56
Hepatipancreatic duct?
Common duct where bile and pancreatic enzymes flow to reach the duodenum through the sphincter of oddi
57
How does liver detox blood?
Through the hepatic portal system
58
Hepatic portal system carries blood from where ?
Hepatic portal vein and its tributaries drain blood in all areas of the Gi, between esophagus and rectum and supplementary organs such as spleen and pancreas
59
Function of the hepatic portal system
Supplies liver with metabolites required to detox blood before it reaches the systemic circulation limiting damage from ingested toxins
60
What part of liver is responsible for immunity?
Kupffer cells - clear bacteria, viruses, dead erythrocytes
61
How does liver maintain blood glucose levels?
Insulin converts excess glucose to glycogen.
Glycogen is stored in liver.
Low glucose level - glycogen converts to glucose
62
What is glycogenolysis?
Glycogen broken down to simpler glucose
63
What is gluconeogenesis?
When fats and proteins are converted to carbs
64
What is the mixed function of pancreas ?
Exocrine - pancreatic juice : protease, lipase, amylase
Endocrine - hormones : insulin , glucagon
65
Layers of GI
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
66
Which layer of the GI enables peristalsis?
Muscularis layer
67
Where does carbohydrates digestion occur first in the Alimentary canal?
Mouth with help of salivary amylase
68
Water absorption takes place where ?
Colon
69
Maximum absorption of nutrients takes place where ?
Ileum
70
Stomatitis
Any inflammatory process affecting mucous membrane of mouth and lips with or without ulceration
71
Dental caries
Deposition of plaque on the surface of the tooth with bacterial growth, destroying enamel and resulting in tooth decay
72
Achalasia
Failure of cardiac sphincter to relax after swallowing preventing food from passing to the stomach
73
GERD
Gastric Esophageal Reflux disease
Acidic liquid content of stomach goes into the esophagus damaging the esophageal mucosa and causing esophagitis
74
PUD
Peptic ulcer disease
Painful sores on the lining of the stomach or duodenum
75
PUD infectious cause ?
H.Pylori
76
Types of PUD
Gastric ulcer
Duodenal ulcer
Esophageal ulcer
77
Diverticulitis
Waste particles gets trapped in the lining of the intestines and form diverticulosis. If it gets infected, it Is called diverticulitis
78
Common site of diverticulitis
Sigmoid colon
79
Non-infectious lifestyle cause of diverticulitis ?
High fat low fiber diet
80
IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
Groups of disorders of GI tract
Diarrhea alternating with constipation
81
What is spastic colon?
Irritable bowel syndrome
82
Diarrhea alternating with constipation is feature of what GI issue?
IBS
83
IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease
Chronic inflammation of GI tract
84
Types of IBD
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis
85
Chronic Inflammation from mouth to anus, autoimmune
Crohn’s disease
86
Crohn’s disease is commonly seen where in GI?
Terminal part of ileum
87
Chronic inflammation alone large intestine and rectum
Ulcerative colitis
88
Ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
89
Volvulus
Intestine twists upon itself
Blocks blood flow
90
Intussusception
Telescoping of one portion of intestine to other
91
Common area of intussusception?
Ileocecal area
92
Common symptom of intussuscpetion?
Red jelly like stools in children
93
What is ileus?
Intestinal obstruction
94
Dysentery
Intestinal inflammation due to infection
95
Most common causative organism of disentry
Shigella
96
Hernia
Protrusion of organ through the muscle that contains it
97
Initial hernia
Through groin
98
Enigmatic hernia
Through epigastric region
99
Femoral hernia
Through femoral region
100
Incisional hernia
Through any surgical incision
101
Umbilical hernia
Through umbilicus
102
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of upper part of stomach through the hiatal opening on diaphragm where esophagus passes through
103
Hemorrhoids
Swollen varicose veins in the rectal region
104
anal fistula
Abnormal tubular connection near the anus which may communicate with rectum
105
Anal fissure
Narrow slot on the anal wall
106
Cholelithoasis
Stone formation the gall bladder or cystic duct
107
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of pancreas
108
Cirrhosis
Chronic disease of liver with degeneration of cells, inflammation and fibrous thickening of tissue
109
Types of liver cirrhosis
Alcoholic
Viral - hep B,C,D
Biliary - primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosis cholangitis
110
Hepatitis A
Through food and water
111
Hepatitis B
Through blood, infected needles, dental and surgical instruments
112
Hepatitis C
Blood, blood products, body fluids
113
Nissen’s dundoplication
GERD Surgery to fix lower esophageal sphincter
114
Anastomosis
Surgical connection between two tubular structures
115
PEG
Percutaneous Endoscopic gastrostomy
Mouth like opening made through skin to scope GI
116
Paracentesis
Surgical puncture to drain fluid
117
ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
