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CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica Intima

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2
Q

Which is the thickest layer of blood vessel?

A

Tunica media

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3
Q

Which is the thinnest blood vessel?

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Which layer of blood vessels change diameter ?

A

Tunica media

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5
Q

What is the primary function of capillaries ?

A

Exchange of materials between blood vessels and tissues

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6
Q

Which blood vessel has thinner walls?
Arteries or veins?

A

Veins.

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7
Q

70% of blood is found in which vessels?

A

Veins

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8
Q

Where is heart located?

A

Middle medistinum in the thoracic cavity

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9
Q

Double layer covering of heart is?

A

Pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium

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10
Q

What is the main function of pericardium and pericardial fluid ?

A

Protects heart from shocks and injuries and allows free movement

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11
Q

What are the chamber so the heart?

A

RA
RV
LA
LV

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12
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

A

Bicuspid / mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
2 Atrioventricular
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve

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13
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve ?

A

RV and pulmonary artery

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14
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

Between LV and aorta

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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16
Q

Which chambers are thickest?

A

Ventricles to push out blood

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17
Q

What divides the chambers of the heart?

A

Septum’s
Interatrial septum
Inter ventricular septum

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18
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve ?

A

Between RA
RV

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19
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

Between LA LV

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20
Q

What is the function of valves ?

A

To ensure unidirectional flow of blood

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21
Q

Which artery is the only artery that carry deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

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22
Q

Which vein is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood.

A

Pulmonary vein

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23
Q

Which is the largest artery ?

A

Aorta

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24
Q

Why is blood flow in human called double circulation?

A

Blood passes twice through the heart to complete one round

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25
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Part of circulation taking place in the lungs

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26
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Part of circulation taking place in the body

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27
Q

What is systole?

A

Chamber Contraction - blood pumping

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28
Q

What is diastole ?

A

Chamber relaxation - blood filling

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29
Q

1 heart beat - 1 cardiac cycle.
What are the phases?

A

Atrial systole > ventricular systole
Atrial diastole > ventricular diastole

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30
Q

Abnormal heart sound is called?

A

Murmur

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31
Q

Heart sound lub indicates what?

A

Closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valve
Beginning of systole

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32
Q

What does heart sound dub indicate?

A

Closure of pulmonary and aortic valve
End of systole

33
Q

Name the specialized tissue in the heart generating electrical impulses ?

A

AV node
SA Node
Bundle of his
Purkinje fibres

34
Q

In which layer of heart is electrical impulses formed ?

A

Myocardium

35
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

36
Q

What is the typical heart rate?

A

72 beats per minute

37
Q

Time taken for each cardiac cycle or 1 heart beat?

A

0.8 seconds

38
Q

What are the 4 stages of cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Atrial diastole
Ventricular diastole

39
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve

40
Q

S1 is produced by what?

A

Closure of atrioventricular valves ( tricuspid and bicuspid)
S1= lub

41
Q

S2 is produced by what?

A

Closure of semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves )
S2 = dub

42
Q

What are the abnormal heart sounds or murmurs called?

43
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

Abnormal heart rhythm

44
Q

Bradycardia rate?

A

Slower heart beat
Less than 60bpm

45
Q

Tachycardia ?

A

Faster heart beat
More than 100bpm

46
Q

What are supraventricular arrhythmia?

A

Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter

47
Q

What is flutter?

A

Rapid regular rhythm

48
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

Rapid irregular rhythm

49
Q

What is a common form of bradyarrhythmia?

A

Heart block

50
Q

What is heart block / AV block?

A

Failure of proper conduction of heart impulses

51
Q

What is cardiac arrest?

A

Sudden stop of heart movement by either due to heart block or fibrillation

52
Q

What is palpitation?

A

Racing, posing feeling of heart

53
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack
Blood flow decreases due to coronary vessels malfunction

54
Q

What is the cardinal symptom of Myocardial Infarction?

A

Angina Pectoris

55
Q

What are the two types of myocardial infarction?

A

STEMI (ST elevation )
NSTEMI ( non ST elevation)

56
Q

What is coarctation of aorta?

A

Narrowing of aorta

57
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Opening between aorta and pulmonary artery

58
Q

What is TGA?

A

Transposition of Great Arteries
Aorta and pulmonary artery are reversed

59
Q

Atrial septal defect ?

A

Oxygenated blood flow from
LA to RA

60
Q

Ventricular septum defect ?

A

Oxygenated blood flow from LV to RV

61
Q

Congestive heart failure ?

A

Inability of LV to contract, blood volume is low

62
Q

What is blue baby syndrome?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

63
Q

What are the 4 defects of tetrology of fallot?

A

Pulmonary artery stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Shift of aorta to right
Hypertrophy of RV

64
Q

What are the 2 types of hypertension?

A

Essential hypertension
Secondary hypertension

65
Q

Essential hypertension range ?

66
Q

Aneurysm ?

A

Outward bulging like a balloon in the vessel on a weak spot

67
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Thickening and hardening of vessels caused by plaque buildup

68
Q

Raynaud phenomenon?

A

Pallor and numbness in fingers and toes due to temporary constriction of arterioles of skin

69
Q

Varicose veins?

A

Swollen twisted veins in the leg due to damaged valves

70
Q

PAD?

A

Peripheral vascular disease
Block of blood vessels in lower extremities due to atherosclerosis

71
Q

What is stenosis ?

A

Valves don’t open properly

72
Q

What is regurgitation ?

A

Valves don’t close properly

73
Q

What is atresia?

A

Valves don’t form properly

74
Q

What are the cardiac markers ?

A

Troponin ( heart muscle damage, MI)
Creatinine- kinase ( hear muscle damage )
Myoglobin ( heart attack)
CRP ( inflammation, atherosclerosis)

75
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

Inflammation of endocardium
Caused by bacteria

76
Q

What is myocarditis?

A

Inflammation of myocardium

77
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of pericardium

78
Q

What Is CABG

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Surgery to bypass blood supply from blocked vessel

ASAP (19 decks)

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