Health promotions of Infants: 0-1yr Flashcards
Rapid growth! - time of huge rapid growth; growing a ton
Head and trunk grow the fastest
Doubling of birth weight by age 6 months
Tripling of birth weight by age 1 year
Grow quickly
Physical development
Huge heads
Unstable
Top heavy
By 1 year, birth length has increased by 50%
Head increases 33% in first year
Cranial Sutures:
Growth in “spurts” rather than gradual pattern
Head and trunk grow the fastest
2 soft spots - front and back
Posterior fontanel (soft spots) closes at 6-8 weeks of age - same and in back
Anterior fontanel closes by 12-18 months
Moves and pulsating and normal for it to pulsate; not norm for it to sink - sign dehydration
Bulging - sign ICP
No fontanel - worried - will have surgery - cut skull open and make room for growth
See bones go over each other and form a groove - bones move and mold to fit through vagina - norm and will go away
Cranial Sutures:
Infant’s gain ~5-7oz weekly in first months
Doubling of birth weight by age 6 months
The nurse assesses a 6-month-old healthy infant who weighs 7lbs 8oz at birth, and shares with the parents that the infant should weigh approximately how many pounds?
1. 10 lbs
2. 12 lbs
3. 15 lbs
4. 21 lbs
Answer: 3
No control limbs - when have myelination (myelin develops around nerves - slow process - complete 2-3 yrs); start infancy/as soon as born - cephalocaudal and proximodistal
Myelin shealth around all nerve endings giving all control slowly
Eventually get pincer grasp due to myelination
Grasp reflex - wrap hand around finger
CNS-
Half baked - nothing at full level
Last things to develop
Born early - biggest concern is resp patterns - breathe, oxygenating appropriately
First yr typ stomach/abdominal breathers - count RR in abdominal
Toddler - chest
Increased risk for infection - tract from nose to lungs not as long and cilia not as effective
Nose breathers often
Mouth breathers - some kind obstruction in nose; young one - booger
Occluded easily
RR high - breathe quickly; 60 breaths/min
Respiratory-
HR high
Common for newborns to have murmurs at birth can be norm; CHD testing later - tell if need do further testing
Cardiac-
Not fully functioning until 5-6 months; no foods until then
Break down easiest - breast milk; break down
Needs change depend on sick
Want bond - which more imp - encourage it; not force it and not feel guilty for not doing it
Not make: vitamin K; given vit K shot
First poop - maconium
GI-
Half baked; not reuptake water - why prone to dehydration in neonatal period
Need eat 2-4 hrs ATC
Keep BG up, hydrated
Kidneys-
Good immunity first 3 months life because IgG - get some mom’s immunity first 3 months - help prevent getting sick
Gets fever first 3 months - go to doc and is an issue
Protect next 3 months - vaccines, breastfeeds - helps antibodies last longer
Immunity-
Very poor
See contrast best; black and white best
See around 12 in from face
Areola lot dark - help contrast and baby find nipple easier
Vision-
At adult level
Hearing-
Brown adipose tissue
Not have good thermoregulation - keep temp up; help keep temp up with this fat
Lose majority heat through head; bathing them head last and dry first
Not encourage hats when laying down and not supervised: SIDS
Lose brown fat quickly so must properly dress them
Thermoregulation-
1 month – has a strong grasp reflex
2 months – holds hands in an open position; grasp reflex fading
3 months – no longer has a grasp reflex; keeps hands loosely open
4 months – grasps objects with both hands
5 months – uses palmar grasp dominantly
6 months – holds bottle
7 months – moves objects from hand to hand
8 months – begins using pincer grasp
9 months – has a crude pincer grasp; dominant hand preference evident
10 months – grasps rattle by its handle
11 months – places objects into a container; neat pincer grasp (awhile for this to develop
12 months – tries to build a two-block tower without success; can turn pages in a book
Fine motor skills
1 month – demonstrates head lag
2 months – lifts head off mattress when prone
3 months – raises head and shoulder off mattress when prone; only slight head lag
4 months – rolls from back to side; can hold head up
5 months – rolls from front to back
6 months – rolls from back to front
7 months – bears full weight on feet; sits, leaning forward on both hands
8 months – sits unsupported
9 months – pulls to a standing position; creeps on hands and knees
10 months – changes from a prone to a sitting position
11 months – cruises/walks while holding onto something
12 months – sits down from a standing position without assistance; walks with one hand held; confident - holding onto something while walking
Gross motor skills
Place in order the expected sequence of fine motor developmental milestones for an infant, beginning with the first milestone achieved and ending with the last milestone achieved.
1. Puts objects into a container
2. Builds a tower of 2 blocks
3. Voluntary palmar grasp
4. Reflex palmar grasp
5. Neat pincer grasp
Answer: 4, 3, 5, 1, 2
Piaget
Sensorimotor phase (0-24 months)
Cognitive development
- Reflexive stage
Sucking, rooting, grasping, crying
Start off by having reflexes - Primary circular reactions stage
Simple repetition- coordinating movements
Reflexive behavior is replaced with voluntary acts
Grabbing something
Reflexes slowly turn into grabbing - hold onto longer or reach for it - Secondary circular reaction stage
Imitation of familiar behaviors
Separation from environment
Make things make sounds - Coordination of secondary schemas
Intentional, goal-directed behavior
Object permanence - Around 12 months; not see something does not mean not there
Intentional with what doing
Sensorimotor phase (0-24 months)
Substage 1:
Substage 2:
Substage 3:
Substage 4:
Piaget’s six substages of the sensorimotor stage
Simple reflexes: first month of life: during this period, the various reflexes that determine the infant’s interactions with the world are at the center of its cognitive life.
Substage 1:
First habits and primary circular reactions: from 1 to 4 months: at this age infants begin to coordinate what were separate actions into single, integrated activities
Substage 2:
Secondary circular reactions: from 4-8 months: during this period, infants take major strides in shifting their cognitive horizons beyond themselves and begin to act on the outside world.
Substage 3:
Coordination of secondary circular reactions: from 8-12 months: in this stage, infants begin to use more calculated approaches to producing events, coordinating several schemes to generate a single act. They achieve object permanence during this stage.
Substage 4:
