Grade 6 - Forces within Earth Flashcards
What are the 3 layers of Earth?
- crust
- mantle
- core (outer and inner)
The Earth’s solid, thinnest, outermost layer and it’s made up of rocks and minerals.
crust
The crust consists of 2 plates.
- continental
- oceanic
A plate that contains the different continents and landforms.
continental plate
A plate that consists of the landforms beneath oceans and seas, is denser, heavier and darker than the other plate.
oceanic plate
What are the two main types of forces that shape landforms on Earth?
- Endogenic
- Exogenic
A type of forces that come from within Earth.
Endogenic
Example of endogenic force.
The force produced by convection current in the mantle.
A type of forces that develop outside the surface of Earth.
Exogenic
Example of exogenic force.
The force of the wind.
What’s beneath the crust?
mantle
The mantle is divided into 3 parts.
upper mantle
asthenosphere
lower mantle
Contains most of the Earth’s mass and is made up of solid bedrock.
upper mantle
This is made up of the crust and the upper mantle which is rigid and hard.
lithosphere
Beneath the lithosphere is a soft layer called.
asthenosphere
They are both parts of the upper mantle.
lithosphere
asthenosphere
The innermost layer of the earth.
core
The core consists of.
outer core
inner core
This core is made up of molten iron and nickel with about 10% sulfur.
outer core
This core is under extreme pressure, it remains solid. It is made up of solid iron and nickel.
inner core
A German geologist and meteorologist who first proposed the continental drift theory.
Alfred Wegener
A theory that states that there was once a super continent called Panagaea, which separated and drifted apart over time.
Continental drift theory
A theory that tells that the surface of Earth is divided into several plates that float along the asthenosphere.
Plate tectonic theory
What causes the oceanic and continental plates to move?
The release of heat from the core produces convection current in the mantle.
What are the 3 types of Tectonic Plate Boundaries?
- Divergent boundary
- Convergent boundary
- Transform boundary
How does a convergent boundary is formed?
It is formed when plates from opposite directions meet, causing one plate to be subdued or pushed beneath the other.
One of the longest mountain ranges on Earth, stretching over 7000 km along west coast of South America.
Andes Mountains
How does a divergent plate boundary is formed?
It is formed when two tectonic plates move away from each other.
The sunken blocks form a valley is called.
rift
What is seafloor spreading?
When two ocean plates move apart, magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap. When magma cools, a new seafloor is formed. This is called seafloor spreading.
What do you call the zone between two plates that slide horizontally past each other?
Transform or sliding boundary.
What is an earthquake?
The shaking or trembling of Earth’s crust.
Causes of an earthquake?
It may be caused by volcanic eruptions, sudden displacement of Earth’s crust along a fault, or collision of plates in the deep zones of Earth.
What do you call the point where the sudden rupture of the rocks or plates take place?
The focus or hypocenter of the earthquake.
What do you call the point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus?
The epicenter of the earthquake.
What is the world’s largest earthquake belt?
Circum-Pacific Belt or Ring of Fire
Where is the Circum-Pacific Belt or Ring of Fire located?
It is located along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, from Alaska to the Kuril Islands, the Mariana Islands, and the Philippine Trench.
What do you calls those scientists who study earthquakes and their effects?
Seismologists
An instrument used to record the intensity, direction, and duration of the movement of the ground.
seismograph
What do you call the record of an Earth tremor produced by the seismograph?
seismogram
This gives a qualitative description of the severity of the shaking during earthquake.
intensity
A scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake by assessing the effects it has on people, buildings, and the Earth’s surface.
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
The scale used to measure the earthquake’s magnitude.
Richter Scale
What do you call the scale used by our country, Philippines in describing the intensity of an earthquake?
PHILVOCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
What are possible changes that can happen after a strong earthquake?
- Extensive damage to communities
- Damages to industrial facilities
- Death due to fire, chemical poisoning, and falling debris from collapsing structures.
- Psychological and emotional damages.
- Changes in the natural landscapes.
- Formation of tsunami.
Safety tips before, during, and after an earthquake.
Please review the PHILVOCS’ Earthquake preparedness guide.
A scientist who studies the Earth, including its materials, processes, and history.
Geologist
A vent in Earth’s crust. It can release magma ash, and other gases.
volcano
The mouth of the vent is called.
crater
The circular depression formed either by explosion or collapse of the volcano is called.
caldera
This refers to molten rock.
magma
Magma that reaches the surface of Earth is called.
lava
3 different types of of materials released from the vent of a volcano.
Gases
Lava flow
Pyroclastic materials
A type of volcanic mudflow or debris flow that occurs when volcanic ash, pyroclastic materials, and water mix together, often due to heavy rainfall or the melting of snow and ice on a volcano
Lahar
3 Types of Volcanoes
Shield volcanoes
Cinder volcanoes
Stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes
A type of volcano that has a broad cone with long, gently sloped sides.
Shield volcanoes.
A type of volcano that is steeper but narrower than shield volcanoes.
Cinder volcanoes.
A type of volcano that is cone-shaped and steeper than cinder and shield volcanoes. They are made up of pyroclastic materials and rocks from solidified lava flow.
Stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes.
What are the different statuses of a volcano?
active
dormant
extinct
Define an active volcano.
A volcano that has had at least one eruption in the last 10,000 years.
Define a dormant volcano.
A volcano that has not erupted in the last 10,000 years but is still expected to erupt in the future.
Define an extinct volcano
A volcano that has not erupted in the last 10,000 years and is not expected to ever erupt again.
Give some harmful effects of volcanic eruptions.
Lava Flows: Destroy infrastructure and reshape landscapes.
Ash Fall: Disrupts daily life, damages crops, contaminates water, and affects transportation.
Air Pollution & Health Issues: Release of toxic gases causing respiratory problems and other health impacts.
Loss of Life & Property: Destruction of communities and significant loss of life, especially from pyroclastic flows or tsunamis.
Tsunamis: Triggered by underwater eruptions or volcanic landslides, causing coastal damage.
Give some beneficial effects of volcanic eruptions.
Soil Fertility: Volcanic ash makes soil rich in minerals, benefiting agriculture.
Creation of New Land: Eruptions create new landforms, like islands or mountains
Geothermal Energy: Volcanic areas provide renewable energy sources through geothermal power.
Mineral Deposits: Eruptions can lead to valuable minerals, such as gold, copper, and sulfur.
Biodiversity: Volcanoes create unique habitats for plants and animals.
Safety measures before a volcanic eruption.
- Evaluate the site for risk of volcanic disasters before putting up structures.
- Reinforce existing building structures and build protective works such as dikes to defect lava and lahar flow.
- Have an emergency disaster plan in place, particularly for evacuation and communication.
- Regular monitor any volcanic activity. Be aware of radio and television updates.
Safety measure during a volcanic eruption.
- Listen to and heed the warnings given by the authorities.
- Stay away from the danger zone when there is volcanic activity.
- Cover your nose with a wet piece of cloth or wear a face mask such as an N95 mask to prevent inhalation of volcanic smoke.
- Protect your eyes from dust and smoke.
- Evacuate from the place as soon as the authorities tells you to.
Safety measures after a volcanic eruption.
- Help people who require special assistance.
- Avoid areas of possible volcanic ashfall.
- Unless advised to evacuate, stay indoors and wear a face mask to protect your lungs.
- When outdoors or when evacuating, cover your mouth and nose.
- Remove ash from roofs.
- Avoid driving during heavy ashfall.
