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UWorld Review > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin stimulates what enzyme in glycolysis

A

Glucokinase locks glucose in the liver

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2
Q

AMP stimulates what enzyme in glycolysis

A

PFK-1 makes fructose 1,6 bisphophate

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3
Q

What has a negative effect on PFK-1

A

Citrate ATP

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4
Q

What is the last step of glycolysis

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate –> Pyruvate via pyruvate kinase

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5
Q

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

A

Partial enzyme defect Hemolytic anemia increased 2,3-BPG no Heinz bodies

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6
Q

RBC are capable of only doing

A

glycolysis HMP shunt

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7
Q

Why does pyruvate kinase deficiency get hemolytic anemia

A

can’t do glycolysis to get ATP to power cation pumps

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8
Q

In methemoglobin iron is in the

A

+3 state

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9
Q

In hemoglobin iron is in the

A

+2 state

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10
Q

RBC need the NADH from glycolysis to

A

change methemoglobin back to hemoglobin

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11
Q

RBC use the HMP shunt bc

A

to make NADPH an antioxidant

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12
Q

Increase of 2,3 BPG will cause

A

O2 sat curve to shift to the right decreased O2 affinity for Hb more O2 unloading off Hb

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13
Q

After a high carb meal what will you see in glycolysis

A

Increased ATP Decreased PFK-1 decreased glycolysis (unless overrides by PFK-2)

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14
Q

What is the first enzyme in glycolysis

A

Hexokinase glucokinase (liver only)

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15
Q

What does PFK-2 do

A

Fructose-6P –> Fructose 2, 6 P

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16
Q

What does PFK-1 do

A

Fructose-6P –> Fructose 1,6 bis P

17
Q

What is the role of Fructose 2,6-P

A

Will overcome any inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP or citrate to make Fructose 1,6-BP Complete glycolysis to make pyruvate to do FA synthesis ONLY IN LIVER

18
Q

What stimulates PFK-2

A

Insulin

19
Q

Insulin stimulates what enzymes in glycolysis

A

hexokinase PFK-2 PFK-1 indirectly

20
Q

What inhibits PFK-2

A

Glucagon indirectly inhibits PFK-1 in liver

21
Q

In the presence of O2 how is NADH recycled to NAD+ to continue glycolysis

A

in the mitochondria electrons from pyruvate taken off and put on O2 to make water Pyruvate goes to mitochondria –> acetyl-coA via pyruvate DH to go into TCA cycle makes more ATP and CO2

22
Q

Without O2, how is NADH recycled to NAD+ to continue glycolysis

A

lactate DH converts pyruvate to lactate in the cytoplasm

23
Q

Which glycolysis enzymes require ATP

A

hexokinase/glucokinase

PFK-1

24
Q

Which glycolysis enzymes make ATP

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase (1,3-BPG to 3-PG)

Pyruvate kinase (PEP to pyruvate)

25
Q

Which is induced by insulin, glucokinase or hexokinase

A

glucokinase

26
Q

Which has a higher Km (low affinity), hexokinase or glucokinase

A

Glucokinase

27
Q

Which has a higher Vmax (increased capacity), hexokinase or glucokinase

A

Glucokinase

28
Q

Which has feedback inhibition by G6P, hexokinase or glucokinase

A

hexokinase

29
Q

Biochemical basis in fasting state

A
  1. Increased glucagon will increasing cAMP
  2. increase protein kinase A
  3. increase in FBPase-2
  4. decrease PFK-2
  5. less glycolysis, more gluconeogenesis
30
Q

Biochemical basis of fed state

A
  1. increase insulin will decrease cAMP
  2. decrease protein kinase A
  3. decrease FBPase-2
  4. increase PFK-2
  5. more glycolysis, less gluconeogenesis
31
Q

Pyruvate DH is active in what state

A

fed state

32
Q

Pyruvate DH is activated by

A

increase NAD+/NADH ratio, ADP, Calcium

33
Q

what is PDH complex deficiency

A

Build up of pyruvate that gets shunted to lactate (via LDH) and alanine (via ALT)

34
Q

Characteristics of PDH deficiency

A
  1. neurologic defects
  2. lactic acidosis
  3. increase serum alanine in infancy
35
Q

How to treat PDH deficiency

A

increase intake of ketogenic nutrients

  • high fat content
  • increase leucine and lysine

UWorld Review (35 decks)

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