Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

UWorld Review > 4/12/19 > Flashcards

4/12/19 Flashcards

1
Q

Osteocytes are connected by

A

Gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glucagon effects what kind of receptor

A

Gs coupled actives adenylate cyclase and increases cAMP which activates protein kinase A

Same with TSH and PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cGMP activates what

A

Protein kinase G

SM relaxation, platelet activation, sperm metabolism

CGMP is inactivated by cGMP specific phosphodiesterase (sildenafil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Janus tyrosine kinase

A

Cytoplasmic protein activated by ligand binding to non-G protein coupled transmembrane rec that lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

Activate transcription factors called STAT which enter nucleus to promote gene transcription

GH, erythropoietin, cytokines (interferon), prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

blueish neoplasm underneath the nail bed

A

either a glomus tumor or subungal melanoma (produces pigmentation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glomangioma

A

blueish neoplasm underneath nail bed

tumor of modified SM cells

Gloms bodies shunt blood away from skin surface in cold temperatures to prevent heat loss - function in thermoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Caspases

A

Proteolytic enzymes that cleave proteins

Part of extrinsic (receptor initiated) and intrinsic (mitochondria mediated) pathway for apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

esophageal varices, splenic enlargement, normal liver biopsy

A

portal hypertension from venous thrombosis - causes obstruction in portal venous flow upstream from liver

increased hydrostatic pressure

normal biopsy = presinusoidal process responsible for portal hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Budd-Chiari syndrome

A

occlusion of hepatic vein (drains blood from liver and portal circulation into systemic circulation)

liver biopsy shows centrilobular congestion and fibrosis

See the same with constrictive e pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

intrinsic tyrosine kinase

A

transmembrane receptors with activity in intracellular domain initiating downstream phosphorylation cascade

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

erythropoietin signal transduction

A

Janus kinase 2/signal transducers and activators of transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Home-canned food

A

botulinum toxin

nicotinic blockade (dysphagia, ptosis)
muscarinic blockage (dry mouth)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

botulinum toxin

A

enters nerve terminals via endocytosis

prevents binding and fusion of acetylcholine containing synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane through destruction of SNARE proteins

no acetylcholine release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Medicare

A

65 yo and older
younger with disabilities
ESRD
ALS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cystic degeneration of the putamen

A

Wilson’s disease (MC on step)

other progressive neurologic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

radio frequency ablation for afib

A

right femoral vein –>RV –>RA–>interracial septum at foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Severe toxicity of mannitol

A

pulmonary edema esp in CHF and preexisting pulmonary edema

rapid rise in volume that increases overall hydrostatic pressure in vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

attrition bias

A

form of selection bias

systematic differences between group in terms of treatment response or prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lead time bias

A

when screening test diagnoses a disease earlier than it would have appeared by natural history alone

time from diagnosis to death appears prolonged even though might actually be no improvement in survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

misclassification bias

A

either exposure or outcome not identified correctly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tetanus toxin

A

produces metalloprotease exotoxin (tetanospasmin)

migrates by retrograde axonal transport to central inhibitory neurons in spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

tetanospasmin

A

inhibits release of glycine and GABA –> increased activation of motor nerves causing muscle spasm and hyperreflexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vibrio cholera entertoxin

A

stimulates serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells in GI tract = extreme fluid secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Loeffler syndrome

A

invasion of lungs by roundworm Ascaris = eosinophilic invasion for helminth destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
pig farmer with cough and dyspnea
Loeffler syndrome - Ascaris roundworm
26
transpeptidases
form of penicillin-binding-protein that function to cross-link peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall
27
cell-wall glycoproteins
vancomycin binds to terminal D-alanine residues of cell wall glycoproteins and prevents transpeptidases from forming cross-links
28
form of ceftriaxone resistance
structural changes in penicillin binding proteins changes of 5 bands in radioautography to 2
29
change of 5 radioautography to zero with ceftriaxone
beta-lactamase action that degrade ceftriaxone
30
MM tumor cells secrete
osteolytic cytokines = TNF alpha that liberate calcium from bone
31
multiple myeloma labs
``` Hypercalcemia decreased PTH increased urinary calcium decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D normal PTHrp ```
32
Hepatitis A exposure
shellfish
33
coagulase negative staph
staph epidermis one of MC infections associated with foreign bodies (VP shunts)
34
staph epidermidis most important virulence factor
synthesis of extracellular polysaccharide matrix = biofilm encases the bacteria, barrier to Abx penetration and interferes w/host defenses (opsonization, neutrophil migration, T-cell activation) biofilms eventually can disperse individual pathogen "seeds" (planktonic cells) into bloodstream
35
Obligate intracellular organisms
Chlamydiae and Rickettsiae
36
Facultative intracellular
Legionella, listeria, mycobacterium, neisseria, salmonella
37
encapsulated bacteria
pneumococcus, H.flu type B, neisseria meningitides
38
Protein A
cell wall of staph aureus binds to Fc region of immunoglobulins = inhibits opsonization and phagocytic engulfment
39
exotoxin production
staphylococcal enterotoxins (food poisoning), botulinum toxin, diphtheria toxin, tetanus, pertussis
40
Arsenic poisoning
insecticide ingestion, contaminated water from wells, pressure treated wood binds sulfhydryl groups (bad cellular respiration via inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase) disrupts cellular respiration and gluconeogenesis and glutathione metabolism treat with Dimercaprol or DMSA
41
severe watery diarrhea, hypotension, QTc prolongation (maybe torsades), garlic odor of breath, abdominal pain, N/V
arsenic poisoning Tx: dimercaprol (chelating agent) - increases urinary excretion of heavy metals
42
psoriasis
activation of T helper cells and proliferation of keratinocytes
43
Auspitz sign
See in psoriasis epidermal cell later superficial to dermal papillae is thinned and contain dilated blood vessels that can lead to pinpoint bleeding when scale removed
44
Tx of mild to moderate psoriasis
corticosteroids (diflorasone) first line - anti-inflammatory/antiproliferative properties Vitamin D analog, first line (calcipotriene, calcitriol) - activate vitamin D rec --> nuclear transcription factor --> inhibition on T-cell and keratinocyte proliferation and stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation
45
Tx of severe psoriasis
systemic treatment better than topical tx methotrexate and cyclosporine
46
virchow triad
endothelial injury, venous stasis, hyper coagulable state VTE
47
Denosumab
one of medications for osteoporosis binds RANK-L and inhibits binding to RANK reduces differentiation and survival of osteoclasts
48
treatments for osteoporosis
Calcium and vitamin D Bisphosphonates Denosumab Recombinant PTH analog
49
Bisphosphonates MOA
attach to hydroxyapatite binding sites on bone surfaces | inhibit osteoclast mediated bone resorption
50
Herpain-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis
5-10 days post heparin exposure large drop in platelets MC after unfractionated heparin but can happen w/LMWH
51
HITT mechanism
Generation of IgG antibodies for heparin and PF4 complexes --> Fc of IgG Abs binds additional platelets --> further PF4 release and widespread Plt activation --> Prothrombotic state --> arterial and venous thrombosis
52
TTP mechanism
decreased vWF-cleaving protease ADAMTS13
53
fever, thrombocytopenia, MAHA, renal insufficiency, neurologic dysfunction
TTP pentad
54
Cryoglobulinemia
AI diseases or viral infection (hepatitis C) = systemic vasculitis, fatigue, arthralgia, purpuric rash usually no thrombocytopenia
55
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura mechanism
splenic destruction of Plt labeled by IgG Abs to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors
56
inter scalene nerve block
procedures for shoulder and upper arm affects brachial plexus roots and trunks (C5-T1) and transient ipsilateral diaphragmatic paralysis by anesthetizing roots of phrenic nerve (C3-5)
57
sternalcleidomastoid muscle innervation
CN XI
58
PCR
amplify small fragments of DNA
59
what you need for PCR
DNA template w/target region flanking sequences adjacent to target sequence (makes primers to start PCR) Thermostable DNA polymerase (replicate DNA template)
60
Steps of PCR
Denaturing Annealing Elongation
61
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
exposure to environmental irritant Histo: lymphocyte-predominate, interstitial inflammation, sometimes with necrotizing granulomas and loose fibrotic tissues within small airways
62
Neutrophil elastase
released by neutrophils and macrophages primary protease for extracellular elastin degradation
63
Neutrophil elastase is inhibited by
alpha-1 antitrypsin
64
TATA box is
promoter region that binds transcription factors and RNA polymerase II during initiation of transcription approx 25 bases upstream of beginning of coding region
65
Hypertension, hematuria, moderate proteinuria, linear appearance on IF
anti-GBM disease = rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis
66
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (crescentic)
Anti-GBM Abs target collagen type IV leading to complement deposition Anti-GBM Abs can cross react w/collagen IV in palm alveolar BM --> pulm hemorrhage (hemoptysis) can occur with: granulomatosis with polyangiitis microscopic polyangiitis
67
renal failure + pulmonary hemorrhage + anti-GBM Abs
Goodpasture syndrome Type II hypersensitivity
68
Glomerular crescents
proliferating parietal cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibrin on light microscopy diagnostic for RPGN
69
attributable risk percent in the exposed (ARPexposed)
excess risk in an exposed population that can be explained by exposure to particular risk ARPexposed = 100 x [(risk in exposed - risk in unexposed)/risk in exposed] or ARPexposed = 100 x [(RR - 1)/RR] where RR = risk in exposed/risk in unexposed
70
Relative risk
risk in exposed/risk in unexposed
71
HBV vaccination works by
impairing vision entry into hepatocytes utilizes recombinant HBsAg to generate protective immunity
72
HBV acute infection overcome by
polyclonal cytotoxic T-cell (CD8+) response that destroys infected hepatocytes
73
HIV and HCV treatment
disrupt viral genome replication
74
Sofosbuvir
Tx for HCV that targets viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase disrupts replication of viral genome
75
Ledipasvir
N5SA inhibitor for HCV, block virus replication and assembly of visions within cytosol
76
Phenotypic frequency
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 Hardy-Weinberg analysis
77
Calculate mutant allele frequency from disease prevalence
sq.rt. of q^2 = q q = mutant allele frequency
78
Beta-oxidation of FA inhibited by
well fed state = increase of Malonyl-CoA
79
Well fed state biochem
increase in ATP inhibits isocitrate DH --> increase citrate in mitochondria increase in insulin and citrate = upregulation of acetyl-coA carboxylase Citrate lyase cutes citrate to form acetyl-coA in cytosol acetyl-coa carboxylase converts acetyl-coA to malonyl-coA (rate-limiting step of de novo FA synthesis) fatty acid synthase combines malonyl-coA and acetyl-coA to make 4 C molecule to add to others to make 16C FA
80
Acetoacetate
ketone body made in starvation state when oxaloacetate in short supply and acetyl-coA in excess fuel for muscle, brain, cardiac tissue
81
Malonyl-CoA inhibits
carnitine acyltransferase prevents transfer of acyl groups into mitochondria prevents breakdown of newly made FA's
82
Citrate
intermediate in TCA cycle can be exported out of mitochondria to cytosol and broken down to acetyl-CoA for de novo FA synthesis
83
Carnitine
AA essential for transport of FAs into mitochondria membrane for FA oxidation
84
NADPH
reducing molecule needed for FA synthesis
85
beta oxidation of FA produces
FADH2 and NADH-reducing equivalents
86
Decreased C1 esterase (+/- C4) inhibitor levels in kid
hereditary angioedema (AD)
87
Meds contraindicated in hereditary angioedema
ACE inhibitors
88
angioedema mediated by
bradykinin, C3a, C5a vasodilation and vascular permeability
89
Glutamate (AA) + alpha-ketoacid (oxaloacetate) = ?
Aspartate (AA) transamination reaction requires vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)
90
Maple syrup disease needs supplementation of
thiamine to help with transamination w/branched chain alpha-ketoacid DH Valine/isoleucine --> propionyl coA
91
Maple syrup urine disease
AR defective breakdown of branched chain AA (leucine, isoleucine, valine) build up of branched chain AA in serum and peripheral tissues seizures, irritability, lethargy, poor feeding
92
Branched chain alpha kitoacid DH pyruvate DH alpha ketoglutarate DH all require 5 things
``` thiamine lipoate coenzyme A FAD NAD ``` (Tender loving care for nancy)
93
Most disorders of the urea cycle require
Arginine makes downstream water soluble intermediates (ornithine, citrulline) lead to nitrogen disposal and decreased plasma ammonium levels
94
Lower homocysteine levels with
Cobalamin B12 and B6
95
Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency results in
PKU phenylalanine levels can be decreased with THB supplementation
96
Tetrahydrobiopterin is cofactor for
phenylalanine hydroxylase
97
nicotinic (diplopia, dysphagia) and muscarinic (dry mouth) blockage =
C. Botulinum toxin (preformed toxin) Home canned food inhibits acetylcholine release from presynaptic terminals at NMJ decrease in compound muscle action potential (CMAP)
98
TCA overdose affects only
muscarinic (dry mouth) blockade w/no effect on NMJ (no alterations of CMAP)
99
Signs of trapezius weakness
drooping of the shoulder impaired abduction about horizontal winging of scapula weakness of SCM (if proximal portions of nerve injured)
100
painless solid testicular mass is
testicular cancer until proven otherwise
101
Dx of EBV
heterophiles IgM antibodies that react with antigens on horse/sheep erythrocytes agglutination of these erythrocytes is sensitive and highly specific test for EBV in human B cells
102
Secretory phase of menstrual cycle
between ovulation and menses days 15-28 Progesterone high/plateau uterine glands coil and secrete glycogen rich mucus in prep for embryo implantation endometrial stroma is edematous and tortuous spiral arteries extend to deeper layers of uterine lumen
103
Proliferative phase of menstrual cycle
first day of menses to ovulation days 1-14 Progesterone low, LH and estrogen increasing
104
pertussis main virulence factors
tracheal cytotoxin - destroys ciliated epithelial cells = loss of airway protection, develop of whooping cough pertussis toxin - AB toxin enters cell and activates adenylate cyclase alters cell signaling and inhibit phagocyte activity
105
pertussis is a
small gram negative coccobacillus | spreads via air droplets
106
Auer rods
t(15:17) | AML, M3 variant - acute APML
107
Atypical lymphocytes in infectious mononucleosis represent
activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells | kill virally infected B cells
108
pigmented neurons in posterior rostral pons at the lateral flow of fourth ventricle
locus ceruleus makes NE role in arousal (reticular activating system) panic attacks
109
Dopamine produced in
ventral tegmental area substantia nigra pars compacta in midbrain
110
Poorly soluble gas anesthetic =
decreased blood/gas partition coefficient partial pressure of drug increases quickly then plateaus brain saturation (induction) quickly ex: Nitrous oxide
111
highly soluble gases in blood require
larger amounts of drug to be absorbed before blood is saturated ``` partial pressure rises slowly and levels out brain saturation (induction) slower ``` ex: halothane
112
most important factors influencing coronary blood flow
adenosine (ATP metabolism) and NO (endothelial cells)
113
Nitric oxide made in
endothelial cells from arginine and oxygen | causes vascular SM relaxation by guanylate cyclase-mediated cGMP second messenger system
114
Integrase inhibitor for HIV inhibits
Raltegravir production of viral messenger RNA dsHIV DNA cannot integrate into host cell chromosomes
115
Viral meningitis MCC
enterovirus MC arbovirus herpes simplex 2
116
bacterial meningitis MCC
adults: pneumococcus and neisseria babies: GBS and gram negative bacilli
117
difference between polymyositis and PMR
PMR does not have weakness and usually patients >50 yo
118
polymyositis symptoms
symmetric muscle weakness (painless of painful) elevated CK ANA, anti-jo Increased expression of MHC I antigens Self attacking CD8 cytotoxic cells for myocyte destruction can occur independently or as paraneoplastic of malignancy similar to dermatomyositis but no skin findings
119
PMR symptoms
myalgia of shoulder and pelvic girdle systemic symptoms (fever, weight loss) older patients >50 yo
120
Drugs that can lead to lithium toxicity
HCTZ NSAIDs ACE inhibitors all cause decreased renal perfusion
121
Myasthenia graves pathogenesis similar to
Goodpasture syndrome | type II hypersensitivity
122
If unilateral renal artery thrombosis d/t HTN and PVD, other kidney will show
significant arteriolosclerosis to compensate for lost kidney function
123
PSGN immune complexes
granular deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3 on GBM and mesangium "starry sky appearance"
124
amniocentesis for phospholipid content checks for
fetal lung maturity
125
NF1 symptoms
``` cafe au lait spots cutaneous neurofibromas ancillary or inguinal freckling optic glioma iris hamartomas ```
126
NF2 symptoms
bilateral acoustic neuromas brain meningiomas schwannomas of dorsal roots in spinal cord
127
Classic galactosemia is inherited
AR
128
Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) is inherited
XR
129
Huntington disease is inherited
AD
130
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is inherited
mitochondrial
131
Rett syndrome is inherited
XD
132
Niacin is a cofactor for which TCA cycle stuff
isocitrate DH alpha-ketoglutarate DH malate DH
133
Niacin is a precursor for
NAD and NADP important for dehydrogenase and reductase enzymes
134
COPD developed decrease in RR as a result of O2 supplementation d/t ?
peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies (main site for sensing PaO2 and stimulated by hypoxemia) rapid increase in PaO2 can reduce peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation = decrease the RR
135
Celiac disease can present with deficiency of what
dietary fats and fat soluble vitamins
136
Positive transflutaminase antibody assay
celiac disease
137
NE and DA are made in
CNS and PNS
138
Epinephrine is made in the
adrenal medulla
139
First rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis
tyrosine --> dihydroxyphyenylalanine (DOPA) by tyrosine hydroxylase
140
In the medulla, NE is converted to epinephrine by
phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)
141
phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is unregulated by
cortisol
142
Catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase are responsible for
catecholamine inactivation
143
catecholamines are made from
tyrosine
144
strenuous exercise leads to inhibition of glycolysis in skeletal muscle bc intracellular _______ is depleted
NAD+
145
in anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH when
pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate DH NADH transfers electrons to pyruvate to make lactate and regenerate NAD+
146
in aerobic conditions, NAD+ is converted to NADH in the
TCA cycle
147
in aerobic conditions, NADH is reconverted to NAD+ in the
electron transport chain as the energy in NADH is used to make ATP
148
in aerobic glycolysis, NAD+ is needed to convert
G3P to 1, 3-BPG
149
Lab test for suppurative parotitis in adults
elevated serum amylase without pancreatitis
150
which hepatitis virus usually completely resolves
HBV
151
labs for cholesterol gallstone formation
increased cholesterol decreased bile acids decreased phosphatidylcholine bile becomes super saturated with cholesterol
152
high levels of bile salts and phosphatidylcholine increase
cholesterol solubility and decrease risk of gallstones
153
new eye pain after treatment for acute inferior MI
was treated with atropine to fix bradycardia --> muscarinic receptor blockade = mydriasis (dilated pupil) and narrowing of anterior chamber angle and diminished outflow of aqueous humor can precipitate angle-closure glaucoma CI in those with glaucoma
154
atropine can be used for bradycardia bc it
decreases vagal influence on SA and AV nodes common AE is increased intraocular pressure
155
MC community acquired pneumonia in healthy and HIV patients
pneumococcus
156
the ciliary muscle is under PNS control from
Edinger-Westphal nucleus/ciliary ganglion
157
inhibition of Edinger-Westphal nucleus/ciliary ganglion
blurry vision with accommodation causing trouble seeing up close inhibition by antimuscarinic pathway w/1st gen antihistamines
158
Pramiprexole MOA
directly stimulates DA receptors
159
ergot DA agonists
bromocriptine Tx for hyperprolactinemia
160
non ergot DA agonists
pramipexole and ropinirole delays use of levodopa in Parkinsons
161
Selegiline MOA
inhibits MAO-B in the brain = decreased central DA used to delay clinical progression of Parkinsons
162
Amantadine works for Parkinsons by
indirect and direct DAnergic agent alleviates motor symptoms by enhancing endogenous DA some anticholinergic properties to reduce tremors
163
Tx for drug induced parkinsonism or idiopathic PD
anticholinergics inhibit central muscarinic receptors trihexyphenidyl benztropine
164
During muscle contraction, ATP attaches to the sarcomere causing immediate
myosin head detachment from actin filament
165
Pauci-immune RPGN
no Ig or complement deposits on BM | increased ANCA
166
Three kinds of RPGN
antiglomerular BM (IgG and C3 linear deposits, Goodpasture) Immune-complex (granular pattern of IgG and IgA and complement, PSGN, SLE, IgA nephropathy, Henoch-Schlonlein) Pauci-immune (no Ig or complement, increased ANCA, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis)
167
Complications of prolactinoma in premenopausal women
``` galactorrhea estrogen deficiency (oligo/amenorrhea, decreased bone density, vaginal atrophy) ```
168
Complications of prolactinoma in men
infertility decreased libido impotence
169
complications of prolactinoma in children/adolescents
delayed puberty | growth impairment
170
prolactinoma effects on other hormones
``` suppressed GnRH from hypothalamus reduced LH (FSH to lesser extent) - hypogonadism, an ovulation, amenorrhea estrogen deficiency ```
171
deltaF508 mutation
cystic fibrosis | mutation in CFTR protein
172
cystic fibrosis MC electrolyte disturbances
hyponatremia from excessive salt wasting in sweat | hypochloremia same
173
Vitamin E deficiency can happen in
fat malabsorption | abetalipoproteinemia
174
Vitamin deficiency that causes hemolysis and neurologic dysfunction (due to free radical damage of cell membranes, mimics Freidrich ataxia)
Vitamine E
175
Patient looks like Freidrich ataxia but asking for deficiency
Vitamin E
176
Thiamine deficiency seen in
alcoholics and malnourished
177
thiamine deficiency associated with
peripheral neuropathy high output HF Wernicke encaphalopathy (ataxia, confusion, ophthalmoplegia)
178
Polio causes damage to
anterior horn cells = asymmetric flaccid paralysis and hyporeflexia sensation intact

UWorld Review (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions