Gluteal region

Question 0

Obturator nerve - branches

Answer 0

L2-L4

1. Anterior branch - supplies the ADD longus, ADD brevis, gracilis, and pectineus
2. Posterior branch - supplies the obturator externus and ADD magnus

Question 1

Obturator artery

Answer 1

Branch of the internal iliac and supplies the obturator externus, pectineus, adductors of the thigh, and gracilis

Question 2

Greater sciatic foramen

Answer 2

“Door” - arteries and nerves leave the pelvis and enter the gluteal region

Question 3

Lesser sciatic foramen

Answer 3

Passageway for structures entering or leaving the perineum

Question 4

Superficial layer of the gluteal muscles

Answer 4

Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor fascia lata

Question 5

Deep layer of the gluteal muscles

Answer 5

Piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, and quadratus femoris

Question 6

Bursae associated with the gluteus maximus

Answer 6

1. Trochanteric bursa - separates the superior part of the gluteus maximus from the greater trochanter of the femur
2. Ischial bursa - separates the inferior part of the gluteus maximus from the ischial tuberosity
3. Gluteofemoral bursa - separates the iliotibial tract from the superior part of the proximal attachment of the vastus lateralis

Question 7

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 7

Hamstring muscles (semitendinosous, semimembranosous, and long head of the biceps femoris) and short head of the biceps femoris

Question 8

Sciatic nerve

Answer 8

Comprised of the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve - innervates the posterior thigh muscles, all leg and foot muscles, and the skin of most of the leg and the foot

Question 9

Perforating artery

Answer 9

Branch of the profunda femoris artery (deep artery of the thigh)

Question 10

Gluteus maximus

Answer 10

Origin: ilium posterior to the posterior gluteal line, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament

Insertion: gluteal tuberosity of femur and IT band

Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve (L5,S1,S2)

Action: extend the thigh, assist in ER, and assist in rising from sitting position

Question 11

Gluteus medius

Answer 11

Origin: external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines

Insertion: lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur

Innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4,L5,S1)

Action: ABD and IR thigh and to keep pelvis level when opposite leg is raised

Question 12

Gluteus minimus

Answer 12

Origin: external surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines

Insertion: anterior surface of the greater trochanter of the femur

Innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4,L5,S1)

Action: ABD and IR thigh and keep pelvis level when the opposite leg is raised

Question 13

Tensor fascia lata

Answer 13

Origin: ASIS and area inferior to it

Insertion: IT band

Innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4,L5,S1)

Action: flex thigh

Question 14

Piriformis

Answer 14

Origin: anterior surface of the 2-4th sacral segments, sacrotuberous ligament, and superior margin of the greater sciatic notch

Insertion: superior border of the greater trochanter of the femur

Innervation: branches of anterior rami of S1 and S2

Action: ER extended thigh, ABD flexed thigh, assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum

Question 15

Obturator internus

Answer 15

Origin: pelvic surface of the ilium and ischium and obturator membrane

Insertion: medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur

Innervation: nerve to obturator internus (L5,S1)

Action: ER extended thigh, ABD flexed thigh, and assist in holding head of femur in acetabulum

Question 16

Gemelli superior

Answer 16

Origin: ischial spine

Insertion: medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur

Innervation: nerve to the obturator internus (L5,S1)

Action: ER extended thigh, ABD flexed thigh, and steadies femoral head in acetabulum

Question 17

Gemelli inferior

Answer 17

Origin: ischial tuberosity

Insertion: medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur

Innervation: nerve to the quadratus femoris (L5,S1)

Action: ER extended thigh, ABD flexed thigh, and steadies femoral head in acetabulum

Question 18

Quadratus femoris

Answer 18

Origin: lateral surface of ischial tuberosity

Insertion: quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it

Innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris (L5,S1)

Action: ER thigh and steadies femoral head in acetabulum

Question 19

What are the superficial gluteal nerves?

Answer 19

Superior, middle, and inferior clunial nerves

Question 20

What are the deep gluteal nerves?

Answer 20

Sciatic, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, nerve to quadratus femoris, pudendal nerve, and nerve to the obturator internus