Foot Flashcards
What are the three parts of the foot?
- Hindfoot - talus and calcaneous
- Midfoot - navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
- Forefoot - metatarsals and phalanges
What are the seven tarsal bones?
Calcaneous, talus, cuboid, navicular, and medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms
What are the four regions of the foot?
- Plantar region - part contacting ground
- Dorsal region of foot
- Heel region - sole underlying the calcaneous
- Ball of foot - sole underlying the heads of the medial two metatarsals
What are the four compartments of the sole of the foot?
Medial, central, lateral, and interosseous compartment of the foot
What structures are in the medial compartment of the foot?
Abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, tendon of the flexor hallucis longus, and the medial plantar nerve and vessels
What structures are in the central compartment of the sole?
Flexor digitorum brevis, flexor digitorum longus, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, adductor hallucis, distal part of tendon of flexor hallucis longus, and lateral plantar nerve and vessels
What structures are in the lateral compartment of the sole?
Abductor digiti minimi brevis and flexor digiti minimi brevis
What are the structures in the interosseous compartment of the sole?
Metatarsals, dorsal and plantar interosseous muscles, and deep plantar and metatarsal vessels
What is the most active muscle during the push-off phase?
Adductor hallucis
What are the muscles in the first layer of the foot?
Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi
What are the muscles in the second layer of the foot?
Quadratus plantae and lumbricals
What are the muscles in the third layer of the foot?
Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, and flexor digiti minimi
What are the muscles in the fourth layer of the foot?
Plantar interossei and dorsal interossei
What are the major ligaments of the plantar aspect of the foot?
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, long plantar ligament, and plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
What does the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament do?
Supports the head of the talus, transfers weight of the talus, and maintains the longitudinal arch of the foot
What does the long plantar ligament do?
Maintains the longitudinal arch of the foot
What does the plantar calcaneocuboid (short) ligament do?
Maintains longitudinal arch of the foot
What are the joints of the foot?
Subtalar, talocalcaneonavicular, calcaneocuboid, cuneoclavicular, tarsometatarsal, intermetatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints
What are the four arches of the foot?
Longitudinal, medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse arch of the foot
What composes the longitudinal arch of the foot?
Medial and lateral longitudinal arches
What bones comprise the medial arch of the foot?
Calcaneous, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, and three metatarsals
What bones comprise the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?
Calcaneous, cuboid, and lateral two metatarsals
What two joints comprise the transverse tarsal joint?
Talonavicular joint part of talocalcaneonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint
What bones comprise the transverse arch of the foot?
Cuboid, three cuneiforms, and bases of the metatarsals
What maintains the integrity of the bony arches of the foot?
Passive forces: plantar aponeurosis, spring ligament, long ligament, and short ligament
Dynamic forces: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, fibularis longus, and intrinsic plantar muscles
What structures bear the greatest stress in maintaining the arches of the foot?
Plantar ligaments and plantar aponeurosis
What motions occur at the hind foot?
Inversion and eversion
What motions occur at the mid foot and fore foot?
Pronation and supination
Pronation
Plantar flexion of calcaneus, ABD forefoot, and eversion of hind foot
Supination
Dorsiflexion of calcaneus, ADD of forefoot, and inversion of hind foot
What ligament prevents inversion of the foot?
Lateral ligament
What ligament prevents eversion of the foot?
Deltoid ligament
Abductor hallucis
Origin: medial tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneos, plantar aponeurosis, and flexor retinaculum
Insertion: medial side of base of the proximal phalanx of the 1st digit
Innervation: medial plantar nerve (S2,S3)
Action: ABD and flexes 1st digit
Flexor digitorum brevis
Origin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of the calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa
Insertion: both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits
Innervation: medial plantar nerve (S2,S3)
Action: flexes lateral four digits
Abductor digiti minimi
Origin: medial and lateral tubercles of the tuberosity of the calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa
Insertion: lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th metatarsal
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
Action: ABD and flexes 5th digit
Quadratus plantae
Origin: medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneous
Insertion: posterolateral margin of the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
Action: assists in flexing the lateral four digits
Lumbricals
Origin: tendon of the flexor digitorum longus
Insertion: medial aspect of the expansion over the lateral four digits
Innervation: (2nd) medial plantar nerve (S2,S3) and (3rd-5th) lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
Action: flex proximal phalanges and extend at MIP and DIP joints of lateral four digits
Flexor hallucis brevis
Origin: plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiform
Insertion: both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Adductor hallucis
Origin: (oblique head) bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals; (transverse head) plantar ligaments of 3rd-5th MTP joints
Insertion: lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 1st digit
Innervation: deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
Action: ADD 1st digit
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Origin: base of 5th metatarsal
Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of 5th metatarsal
Innervation: superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Plantar interossei
Origin: bases and medial sides of 3rd-5th metatarsals
Insertion: medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
Action: ADD digits 3-5 and flexes at MTP joints
Dorsal interossei
Origin: adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5
Insertion: (1st) medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit and (2-4th) lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits
Innervation: none
Action: ABD 2-4th digits and flexes at MTP joints
