Global Health Flashcards
What is the definition of infant mortality?
The probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of 1.
What is the definition of under 5 mortality rate?
The probability of a child in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of 5.
List some global causes of <5 mortality?
- Preterm birth
- Pneumonia
- Intrapartum related complications
- Congenital abnormalities
- Diarrhoea
Name some common pathogens causing Pneumonia
- Strep pneumonia
- Haemophilus influenza
- RSV
- Pneumocystis Jirovecia
What are 4 risk factors of Pneumonia in developing countries?
- Malnutrition
- Overcrowding
- Indoor air pollution
- Parental smoking
Name some vaccines which can be administered for Pneumonia?
- Haemophilus Influenza
- Pneumococcus
- Measles
- Whooping cough
What is the treatment for Diarrhoea?
- Oral rehydration solution
- Zinc supplements
What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Can HIV be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, breastfeeding or all?
All ways
What are some signs of HIV in children?
- Recurrent oral candidiasis not responding to treatment
- Recurrent or severe childhood illness
- Bacterial infections
- Failure to thrive or growth failure
- Persistent fever
Diagnosis of HIV in:
<18 months
>18 months
<18 months = PCR for DNA or RNA
>18 months = serological rapid antibody test
Why is antibody test unreliable in <18 month olds?
Maternal antibodies are present still
What is the treatment for HIV?
HAART if high risk
What drugs are involved in HAART?
- 2 Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) + 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- OR protease inhibitor
How does TB present in children?
- Chronic cough or fever
- Night sweats
- Weight loss
- Lymphadenopathy
List some risk factors of TB
- HIV
- Malnutrition
- Household contact
What is the treatment for TB?
RIP for 2 months - Rifampicin - Isoniazid - Pyrazinamide 4 months IR - Isoniazid - Rifampicin
What is malaria caused by?
Plasmodium parasite
What malaria causing plasmodium is most severe?
Plasmodium falciparum
What are some signs of malaria?
- Fever
- Pallor
What does severe acute malnutrition look like?
- Mid-arm circumference <115 cm
- Weight for height <3SD
- Oedema of both feet
What are the two typical appearances of malnutrition?
Kwashiorkor = protein deficiency Marasmus = extreme calorie deficiency
What would someone with Kwashiorkor malnutrition look like?
- Distended abdomen
- ## Oedematous legs
What would someone with Marasmus malnutrition look like?
- Low weight for height
- Loss of subcutaneous fat
- Muscle wasting
