Global Health

Question 1

What is the definition of infant mortality?

Answer 1

The probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of 1.

Question 2

What is the definition of under 5 mortality rate?

Answer 2

The probability of a child in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of 5.

Question 3

List some global causes of <5 mortality?

Answer 3

• Preterm birth
• Pneumonia
• Intrapartum related complications
• Congenital abnormalities
• Diarrhoea

Question 4

Name some common pathogens causing Pneumonia

Answer 4

• Strep pneumonia
• Haemophilus influenza
• RSV
• Pneumocystis Jirovecia

Question 5

What are 4 risk factors of Pneumonia in developing countries?

Answer 5

• Malnutrition
• Overcrowding
• Indoor air pollution
• Parental smoking

Question 6

Name some vaccines which can be administered for Pneumonia?

Answer 6

• Haemophilus Influenza
• Pneumococcus
• Measles
• Whooping cough

Question 7

What is the treatment for Diarrhoea?

Answer 7

• Oral rehydration solution

- Zinc supplements

Question 8

What does HIV stand for?

Answer 8

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 9

Can HIV be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, breastfeeding or all?

Answer 9

All ways

Question 10

What are some signs of HIV in children?

Answer 10

• Recurrent oral candidiasis not responding to treatment
• Recurrent or severe childhood illness
• Bacterial infections
• Failure to thrive or growth failure
• Persistent fever

Question 11

Diagnosis of HIV in:
<18 months
>18 months

Answer 11

<18 months = PCR for DNA or RNA

>18 months = serological rapid antibody test

Question 12

Why is antibody test unreliable in <18 month olds?

Answer 12

Maternal antibodies are present still

Question 13

What is the treatment for HIV?

Answer 13

HAART if high risk

Question 14

What drugs are involved in HAART?

Answer 14

• 2 Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) + 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• OR protease inhibitor

Question 15

How does TB present in children?

Answer 15

• Chronic cough or fever
• Night sweats
• Weight loss
• Lymphadenopathy

Question 16

List some risk factors of TB

Answer 16

• HIV
• Malnutrition
• Household contact

Question 17

What is the treatment for TB?

Answer 17

RIP for 2 months
- Rifampicin
- Isoniazid 
- Pyrazinamide
4 months IR
- Isoniazid
- Rifampicin

Question 18

What is malaria caused by?

Answer 18

Plasmodium parasite

Question 19

What malaria causing plasmodium is most severe?

Answer 19

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 20

What are some signs of malaria?

Answer 20

• Fever

- Pallor

Question 21

What does severe acute malnutrition look like?

Answer 21

• Mid-arm circumference <115 cm
• Weight for height <3SD
• Oedema of both feet

Question 22

What are the two typical appearances of malnutrition?

Answer 22

Kwashiorkor = protein deficiency
Marasmus = extreme calorie deficiency

Question 23

What would someone with Kwashiorkor malnutrition look like?

Answer 23

• Distended abdomen
• ## Oedematous legs

Question 24

What would someone with Marasmus malnutrition look like?

Answer 24

• Low weight for height
• Loss of subcutaneous fat
• Muscle wasting