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Child & Family Health > Common Surgical Problems > Flashcards

Common Surgical Problems Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Jejunal Atresia

A

Incomplete formation of part of the small intestine.

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2
Q

List some symptoms of Jejunal Atresia

A
  • Vomiting
  • Swollen abdomen
  • Constipation
  • May be jaundiced
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3
Q

How is Jejunal Atresia diagnosed?

A
  • Signs of obstruction

- X-ray contrast which cannot pass through blockage

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4
Q

What is meconium

A

The first stool that a newborn passes

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5
Q

What is meconium ileum?

A

When bowel obstruction occurs due to thicker and sticker meconium.

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6
Q

Symptoms of Meconium ileus

A
  • Vomiting
  • Not opened bowels
  • Distended Abdomen
  • Abdomen feels doughy
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7
Q

How do you diagnose meconium ileus?

A

Solid contract on X-ray - soap bubble sign

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8
Q

What causes an inguinal hernia?

A

Patent processus vaginalis

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9
Q

Symptoms of inguinal hernia

A
  • Swelling in the groin area

- Loop of bowel projecting as a bulge

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10
Q

What is Malrotation?

A

Abnormality where the intestine does not form properly.

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11
Q

What is a volvulus?

A

Caused by malrotation where the intestine loops around itself resulting in obstruction

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12
Q

Symptoms of malrotation?

A
  • Frequent vomiting
  • Swollen abdomen
  • Pale colour
  • Poor appetite
  • Blood in stools
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13
Q

What is necrotising enterocolitis?

A

Inflammatory bowel necrosis where the tissue becomes inflamed resulting in damage and kills intestinal tissues.

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14
Q

Symptoms of Necrotising enterocolitis?

A
  • Abdominal distension
  • Tenderness
  • Bloody bowel movements
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15
Q

How to diagnose necrotising enterocolitis

A

Presence of gas or air bubbles in the wall of the intestine.

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16
Q

3 Causes of obstruction

A
  1. Something in the lumen
  2. Something affecting the wall
  3. Compression from the outside
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17
Q

What causes pyloric stenosis?

A

Thickening of the pylorus which does not permit the passage of milk through.

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18
Q

Symptoms of pyloric stenosis

A
  • Vomiting around 6-8 weeks after birth
  • Projectile vomiting
  • Bumps in the abdomen
  • No diarrhoea
  • Constipation
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19
Q

Diagnosing pyloric stenosis?

A
  • Ultrasound

- Check metabolic state of baby

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20
Q

Treatment of pyloric stenosis?

A

Ramstedt’s Pyloromyotomy

21
Q

What is intussusception?

A

Where part of the bowel slots into another part like a telescope.

22
Q

When does intussusception present?

A

Around 6 months

23
Q

If intussusception is suspected, describe what you would feel on palpation?

A

Sausage like mass

24
Q

What would you see on USS if intussusception was the diagnosis?

A

Target lesion and pseudo-kidney sign

25
Q

Management of intussusception

A

Air blown up bottom to try and push intussusception out

26
Q

What is Peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneal cavitys

27
Q

What causes peritonitis?

A

Infection or chemical irritation by organic fluid

28
Q

Symptoms of peritonitis?

A
  • Pain made worse by jumping and bumps
  • Moderate temperature
  • +/- vomiting
29
Q

What is a volvulus?

A

Bowel twists on itself and the blood supply may be compromised

30
Q

Symptoms of a volvulus?

A
  • Green vomit (bilious)

- Passage of blood (indicated mid gut necrosis)

31
Q

How to diagnose a volvulus

A

Contrast bowel and if swims = malrotation

32
Q

What happens in testicular torsion?

A

Spermatic cord and testes become twisted around each other. Can compromise blood supply

33
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of testicular torsion

A
  • acute onset of pain
  • classical blue dot sign
  • atrophy if blood supply cut off >6 hours
  • Change in scrotum colour
34
Q

What is the ‘blue dot sign’?

A

Hydatid of Morgagni

35
Q

What is idiopathic scrotal edema?

A

Acute scrotal edema and erythema

36
Q

What is idiopathic scrotal edema caused by

A

Allergy related release of histamine

37
Q

Two Classical sign of idiopathic scrotal edema

A
  1. Erythema on both testes, extending up into the groin

2. Fountain sign on USS due to hypervascularity

38
Q

Does idiopathic scrotal edema require surgery?

A

No - resolves pithing 3-5 days

39
Q

What is balanitis Xerotica Obliterans?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease - male genitalia variant of lichen sclerosis

40
Q

How does Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans present?

A
  • foreskin not able to be pulled back
  • pain
  • itchiness
  • difficulty passing urine
41
Q

What is Paraphimosis?

A

When the foreskin gets stuck behind the head of the penis.

42
Q

How can paraphimosis be treated?

A
  • Manually work the foreskin loose

- Squeeze the penis to push the fluid out and foreskin can return to normal place

43
Q

What is Hypospadias?

A

A congenital abnormality where the urethra does not open up in the normal position.

44
Q

What does a patent process vaginalis cause

A

An abnormal communication between peritoneum and scrotum

45
Q

How does patent process vaginalis present?

A
  • swollen scrotum

- intermittent bulge

46
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

Fluid filled sac within the testes which causes swelling

47
Q

How can a hydrocele be identified?

A
  • transillumination of scotum displays fluid

- silk glove sign

48
Q

Can hydroceles spontaneously resolve in infancy?

A

Yes - so can be left alone in some cases

Child & Family Health (20 decks)

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