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Child & Family Health > CNS Development > Flashcards

CNS Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three periods of CNS development?

A
  1. Embryonic
  2. Foetal
  3. Postnatal
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2
Q

When does the embryonic period start and finish?

A

Conception to week 9

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3
Q

What 2 layers make up the embryo before gastrulation?

A
  • Epiblast

- Hypoblast

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4
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A

Cells migrate through the primitive steak to form 3 layers:

  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Ecotoderm
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5
Q

What does each germ layer give rise to?

A 
Ectoderm = Skin, hairs, nails, neural tissue 
Mesoderm = Muscle, bone, cartilage, vascular system
Endoderm = Gut and respiratory system
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6
Q

When does the neural tube begin to form?

A

Between days 20-27

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7
Q

What cells make up the neural plate?

A

Neural progenitor cells

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8
Q

How does the neural groove form?

A

The neural plate bends

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9
Q

What does the neural groove go on to form?

A

The neural tube

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10
Q

What cells line the neural tube?

A

Progenitor cells

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11
Q

What is the name given for the area that the progenitor cells line the neural tube?

A

The ventricular zone

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12
Q

The hallow neural tube gives rise to what system?

A

The ventricular system and the spinal cord

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13
Q

The anterior tube becomes the brain or the spinal cord?

A

The brain

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14
Q

The caudal tube becomes the brain or spinal cord?

A

The spinal cord

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15
Q

What determines neocortical cell function?

A

Concentration of signalling molecules

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16
Q

Give examples of signalling molecules

A

Emx2

Pax6

17
Q

What are the concentrations of Emx2 and Pax6 at the front and back of the brain?

A 
Pax6 = High concentration at the front
Emx2 = High concentration at the back
18
Q

Progenitor cells are induced by higher concentrations of which signalling molecule to differentiate into Visual neurones?

A

Emx2

19
Q

Progenitor cells are induced by higher concentrations of which signalling molecule to differentiate into Motor neurones?

A

Pax6

20
Q

When does the foetal period start and finish?

A

Week 9 to week 40/42

21
Q

What is the term for smooth brain

A

Lissencephalic

22
Q

What gives the brain is characteristic folded appearance?

A

Sulci and gyral pattern

23
Q

When do primary, secondary and tertiary sulci develop?

A 
Primary = 8-26 weeks
Secondary = 30-35 weeks
Tertiary = 36-postnatal
24
Q

Once neurons reach their target cortical region, what ways of communication and transferring information do they develop?

A
  • Axons

- Dendrites

25
Q

What do oligodendrocyte progenitor cells form?

A

Myelin sheaths around axons

26
Q

What is the most important factor in the adolescent phase>

A

The environment

27
Q

Which hormones are important in brain maturation?

A

Gonadal hormones

28
Q

Oestrogen makes girls more susceptible to what?

A

Stress

29
Q

Monocular development is dependent of receiving stimuli - what happens if one eye does not receive stimuli?

A

Unstimulated eye column will shrink and not develop properly

30
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

The neural tube does not close at the top

31
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Caudal tube does not close

32
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

Two hemispheres of the brain do not develop

33
Q

What is demyelination

A

Damage to the myelin sheath

34
Q

What is Hypomyelination?

A

Abnormally low level of myelination

35
Q

What is dysmyelination?

A

Malformed and defective myelin sheath

36
Q

Describe Pelizaeus Merzbacher Disease

A

Mutation in PLP1 gene which encodes for transmembrane protein (myelin protein in the CNS).

37
Q

What are some signs of Pelizaeus Merzbacher Disease?

A
  • Abnormal eye movements
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Severe spasticity
  • Ataxia

Child & Family Health (20 decks)

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