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VSCI200 NSF > GIT_2 > Flashcards

GIT_2 Flashcards

1
Q

From which spinal segments does the nerve supply to the abdominal muscle arise from?

A

T13 + L1-3

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2
Q

what is the difference between a ganglia and a plexus?

A

ganglia = PNS synpases (symp NS)

plexus = PNS nerve network associated with ganglia (parasymp NS usually)

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3
Q

Where do the maj and min splanchnic nerves (Symp NS) synpase and what do they supply??

A

caeliaco-mesenteric ganglia

travel along arteries to abdo organs

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4
Q

Where does the lumbar splanchnic nerves synpase?

A

CD mesenteric ganglion

travel in hypogastric nerve –> pelvic organs

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5
Q

Where does the vagus lose its effect on the GIT?

A

transverse colon

after that = pelvic nerve from S1-3

passes through pelvic plexus then follows arteries to desc colon etc

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6
Q

describe the route of the vagus from the brainstem

A

vago-symp trunk down the neck

L & R vagus in thorax

join D & V as passes through the oesophageal foramen

D –> visc surface of stomach etc; V –> parietal surface of stomach etc

–> caeliac branch –> caeliacomesenteric plexus then to rest of abdo organs

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7
Q

Name the 4 arteries which supply the abdominal wall

A
  1. Cr abdominal
  2. Deep external iliac
  3. Cr epigastric (+cr superficial)
  4. Cd epigastric (+Cd superficial)
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8
Q

Major branches off the aorta supply the abdominal organs. Name the main 3

A
  1. Caeliac
  2. Cr mesenteric
  3. Cd mesenteric
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9
Q

The caeliac gives rise the arteries which supply the liver, stomach, cranial duodenum and what else?

A

spleen & oesphagus!

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10
Q

describe the branches of the caeliac

A
  • hepatic a
    • cyctic a
    • R gastric a
    • gastro-duodenal a
  • L gastric a
    • oesophageal a
  • Splenic a
    • short gastric aa
    • pancreatic aa
    • L gastro-epiploic a
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11
Q

describe the arterial supply to the stomach (5a)

A

R gastric –> R lesser curv

L gastric –> L lesser curv

R gastro-epiploic –> R greater curv

gastric aa –> greater curv

L gastro-epiploic –> L greater curv

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12
Q

Describe the arterial supplies to the R lobe of the pancreas

A

caeliac = Cr pancreatico-duodenal (cr lobe)

cr mesenteric = Cd pancreatico-duodenal

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13
Q

what are the major branches of the cr mesenteric a?

A

ileo-colic a

cd pancreatico-duodenal

jejunal aa

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14
Q

the ileo-colic a has 5 main branches, name them

A
  1. mid colic a
  2. r colic a
  3. colic branch
  4. caecal branch
  5. mesenteric ileal
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15
Q

which branch of the ileo-colic supplies the a) asc colon and b) desc colon?

A

a) mid colic
b) colic branch

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16
Q

what does the cd mesenteric supply and with what branches

A

L colic a –> L colic flex and desc colon

cranial rectal a –> rectum (cranial)

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17
Q

The kidneys, ovaries and testicles recieve arterial supply directly from the aorta via different branches. Name them

A

L&R renal aa

L&R ovarian aa

L&R testicular aa

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18
Q

most of the blood supply to the GI organs will anastomose. why does this happen?

A

to prevent ischemia in the event of an arterial blockage eg thrombus or embolism

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19
Q

Do all the abdominal organs drain via the hepatic portal system ?

A

NO. only the GI ones.

(Unless you are a reptile/bird/fish with a renal portal system as well)

fat (chylomicrons) do not drain via this either

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20
Q

what organs drain directly into the Cd VC?

A
  • Liver (ha ha…..)
  • kidneys
  • ovaries
  • testicles
    • NOT L test vein as it drains into the renal v..
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21
Q

Mostly there are corresponding veins to arteries. Name the exceptiions

A

No celiac vein (not needed as hepatic v is there already!)

L gastric drains into the splenic v NOT hepatic portal (long winded route..)

L testicular v drains into the L renal v NOT Cd VC?! werid..

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22
Q

In the simple stomach the greater and lesser curv of stomach are supplied by L&Rgastro-epipl and L&R gastric. In the ruminant stomach what is the equivalent

A

ruminoreticulum & g curv of abom = L&R gastro-epip

omasum & l curv of abom = L&R gastric

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23
Q

The caecal supply in the ruminant is the same as the dog (caecal br of ileo-colic and anti-mesenteric ileal). What is it in the horse and pig?

A

medial caecal

lateral caecal

NO antimesenteric!

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24
Q

what is the PX asc colon referred to in the horse, cow and pig? What supplies it (arterially)

A

horse = ventral colon

pig/cow = centripetal coils

arterial supply = colic branch of ileo-colic

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25
Q

the distal asc colon is the dorsal colon in horses and the _________ in pigs/cows. What is its arterial supply?

A

centrifugal coiils

R colic supply

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26
Q

Describe the main differences between the omentum in the horse and dog

A

Doesnt cover intestines

epiploic foramen –> colic

poor development = susceptible to peritonitis

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27
Q

How do you locate the epiploic foramen?

A

in between the hepatic portal triad and the Cd VC

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28
Q

Describe the attachment of the omentum in the ruminant

A

superficial layer –> LHS rumen & RHS desc duodenum

deep layer –> RHS rumen & RHS desc duodenum

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29
Q

in ruminants there is an additional space (to the omental bursa) what is it called and where is it?

A

supraomental recess

inbw colon and deep layer

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30
Q

how does the equine an druminant liver sit in situ?

A

horse - oblique LHS; rounded border = left and dorsal

ruminant - 90 degrees; Rounded border = left (R lobe dorsal; L lobe ventral). RHS!

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31
Q

What animal does not have a renal impression on the caudate lobe? (RHS)

A

pig - liver doesnt comin into contact with kidney

32
Q

Name the 4 basic lobes of the liver

A
  1. left
  2. caudate
  3. right
  4. quadrate
33
Q

The caudate lobe has a papillary process, in which animal is this almost larger than the caudate lobe itself?

A

Sheep

34
Q

what 2 features is the horse missing from its liver?

A

gall bladder

papillary process of caudate lobe

35
Q

L & R lobes are subdivided in the dog, what other animals have these subdivisions and what are they calle?

A

pig and cat

med and lat

36
Q

describe the shape of the spleen in:

horse

ox

sheep

pig

dog

A

horse - comma

ox - tongue

sheep - oval

pig - long, v red!

dog - hockey stick

37
Q

Dogs and horses have both an accessory and pancreatic duct. Cows/Pigs only have an accessory duct, what about sheep?

A

Just pancreatic

38
Q

When the pancreas surround the portal vein, what is it called? (horses and pigs only)

A

annulus pancreatis

39
Q

what is a distinguishing feature of the pig stomach

A

large cardiac region

40
Q

the horse stomach contains an enlargement of the fundus called _______

also a structure called the margo plicatus - what is this?

A

saccus caecus

margo plicatus = separates glandular from nonglandulat sides of the stomach.. fave spot for gastrophilis larva

41
Q

What do both pigs and ruminants have due to both having a poor pyloric sphincter

A

torus pyloricus

42
Q

what parts of the ruminant stomach are accessible on the LHS

A

D

V

Cd-V

(some) abomasum - not much hence LDAs

Cd-D

reticulum

43
Q

both pigs and ruminants colon are centrifugal and centripetal. however the shape is different - describe

A

pigs = spiral

rumin = coiled

44
Q

in pigs the ________ coils are haustrated with taenial bands

A

centripetal

45
Q

describe the pattern of taenial bannds in the horse LI

A

Caecum = 4

RVC = 4

LVC = 4

LDC = 1

RDC = 3

TC = 2

SC = 2

46
Q

what can be found on the LHS of a pig?

A

caecum and colon

47
Q

what can be found on the RHS of a horse

A

caecum

R colon

liver (most)

48
Q

what can you palpate in the different quadrants of the horse

A

LD = jej/small colon

LV = pelvic flex

RD = base of caecum

RV = body of caecum

49
Q
A
50
Q

what are the different layers of the GIT?

A

mucosa

submucosa

muscularis

serosa

51
Q

what is located in the mucosa layer>?

A

lamina epithelialis

propria

muscularis

52
Q

where are the large blood vessels nerves and glands found?

A

submucosa

53
Q

is the circular muscle layer inner or outer?

A

inner

54
Q

what is serosa?

A

mesothelium (w mvilli) and CT (with nerves, vessels and fat)

55
Q

what is the epithelium in the oesophagus?

A

strat sq

56
Q

is the muscle in the oesophagus smooth or skeletal/?

A

skeletal in dogs and cows; partially skeletal in cats and horses

57
Q

in the mucosal layer, where would you find the glands?

A

laminal epithelialis. in the stomach = mucus, acid and pepsin glands

58
Q

what and where is the stratum compactum>

A

mucosa is thickened to protect

59
Q

how can you recognise chief cells

A

zymogen granules (pepsinogen)

60
Q

what do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl

61
Q

what epithelium is in the SI/

A

columnar epi w/ mvilli

62
Q

what cells can be found in the crypts of SI?

A

paneth = basal nuc. secrete lysozyme

63
Q

what varies in the submucosa between species, in the SI?

A

type of glands present

mucus - dogs

mixed - cats

serous - horses

64
Q

what are these submucosal glands called in the duodenum of dogs?

A

Brunner glands

65
Q

how can you tell the difference (histologically ) bw duodenum and ileum?

A

ileum villi = club shaped

inc goblet cells

inc lymph nodules

66
Q

what are some chacterisitc features of the colon?

A

inc goblet

no villi, still has crypts

lots of lymph tissue

67
Q

where do you find kupffer cells?

A

mphages in sinusoids of the liver

68
Q

in the different areas of the GIT the mucosa changed mostly, what specific area of the ruminant stomach will change in each part

A

lamina muscularis

69
Q

what is the epi layer of the ruminant stomach

A

keratinised strat squamous

70
Q

are the reticulum, rumen and omasum glandular?

A

no, derived from oesophageal regions

71
Q

what is characteristic of reticulum

A

honeycomb

72
Q

what is unsual about the honey comb structure

A

isolated smooth muscle, they contract to keep heavy difficult to ferment food

73
Q

what epithelium is found in the rumen?

A

cornified strat sq

74
Q

what is unusal about the lamina muscularis mucosae in rumen

A

none

75
Q

what is unusual about the histology of the omasum?

A

sheets with papaillae with smooth muscle following it

the muscularis layer interdigitates with this too

76
Q

what is in the rumen to increase VFA absorption?

A

papilla

77
Q
A

VSCI200 NSF (25 decks)

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