Exotic Pharm Flashcards
What animals have a renal portal system?
bird, fish, amphib and reptiles
What is the renal portal system
Posterior venous return goes through cap bed in kidney before going to the heart. Don inj in HL!
Where can IO injections be placed?
- g. trochanter
- PX humerus
- PX tibia - only option inbirds due to pneumatic F and H
What is the only place for IM inj in birds?
Pectorals
Which jugular vein is usually present in birds?
R
What muscle in snake is most app for IM inj?
epaxial
What IV vein is accessible in snakes?
Tail vein, GA usually first
Why must anti-biotics not be administered enterally to herbivores?
Destroy bacterial lining of stomach
What is the most commonly used anti-b in small mammals?
Baytril
What is the problem with baytril usage?
FQ resistance is increasing
Can birds have FQs?
Risk necrosis is given IM
Why must penecillins be given regularly to birds?
V high MB, and penicillin quickly excreted
Why must penecillins be given regularly to birds?
V high MB, and penicillin quickly excreted
What should be used to treat chlamydiosis?
Tetracycline
What is the only licensed anti-biotic for reptiles?
Baytril
Why is analgesia difficult in reptile?
- hard to recognise
- large poss range of MB depending on temp
- huge species variation
Name 4 categories of analgesics
- local anaesthetics
- opoids
- steroids
- NSAIDs
Name a local analgaesic licensed for exotic spp
Lidocaine
Name a local analgaesic licensed for exotic spp
Lidocaine
Opoids block pain centrally at different receptors. What receptor is targeted in small mammals/C&D analgesia?
Mu receptors
What opoid receptors are birds sensitive to?
Kappa
Name 2 Mu agonists
Morphine and Butorphenol
Name 2 Mu agonists
Morphine and Butorphenol
Buprenorphine ceiling effect
- High affinity @ mu and kappa receptors
* additional doses only inc side effects, not analgesic effect
Buprenorphine ceiling effect
- High affinity @ mu and kappa receptors
* additional doses only inc side effects, not analgesic effect
Name 3 NSAIDs
- ketoprofen
- carprofen
- meloxicam
Name 3 NSAIDs
- ketoprofen
- carprofen
- meloxicam
Why is ketaprofen not ideal for pain relief
COX-1 inhib, will reduce mucosal protection and is nephrotoxic
Why are steroid particularly avoided in birds?
immunosuppressive effect make birds vv susceptible to mycotic infection.
Name the 3 main functions of GA
- unconsciousness
- pain-free
- muscle relaxant
Why is it important to ensure ET tube is uncuffed with birds?
entire tracheal rings, can damage
Laryngeal local spray is needed on what animal in addition to cats?
Rabbits
Why is a ketamine combo induction advised rather than propofol?
Propofol is metabolised too fast & resp depressant so need IPPV
Why are face mask induction methods not okay in rabbits?
Breath hold until hypoxic, better to pre-med
What maintenance GA gas is considered the best?
sevofluorane
Why is IPPV always necessary in GA of reptiles?
Always stop breathing
