Exotic Pharm

Question 1

What animals have a renal portal system?

Answer 1

bird, fish, amphib and reptiles

Question 2

What is the renal portal system

Answer 2

Posterior venous return goes through cap bed in kidney before going to the heart. Don inj in HL!

Question 3

Where can IO injections be placed?

Answer 3

• g. trochanter
• PX humerus
• PX tibia - only option inbirds due to pneumatic F and H

Question 4

What is the only place for IM inj in birds?

Answer 4

Pectorals

Question 5

Which jugular vein is usually present in birds?

Answer 5

R

Question 6

What muscle in snake is most app for IM inj?

Answer 6

epaxial

Question 7

What IV vein is accessible in snakes?

Answer 7

Tail vein, GA usually first

Question 8

Why must anti-biotics not be administered enterally to herbivores?

Answer 8

Destroy bacterial lining of stomach

Question 9

What is the most commonly used anti-b in small mammals?

Answer 9

Baytril

Question 10

What is the problem with baytril usage?

Answer 10

FQ resistance is increasing

Question 11

Can birds have FQs?

Answer 11

Risk necrosis is given IM

Question 12

Why must penecillins be given regularly to birds?

Answer 12

V high MB, and penicillin quickly excreted

Question 13

Why must penecillins be given regularly to birds?

Answer 13

V high MB, and penicillin quickly excreted

Question 14

What should be used to treat chlamydiosis?

Answer 14

Tetracycline

Question 15

What is the only licensed anti-biotic for reptiles?

Answer 15

Baytril

Question 16

Why is analgesia difficult in reptile?

Answer 16

• hard to recognise
• large poss range of MB depending on temp
• huge species variation

Question 17

Name 4 categories of analgesics

Answer 17

1. local anaesthetics
2. opoids
3. steroids
4. NSAIDs

Question 18

Name a local analgaesic licensed for exotic spp

Answer 18

Lidocaine

Question 19

Name a local analgaesic licensed for exotic spp

Answer 19

Lidocaine

Question 20

Opoids block pain centrally at different receptors. What receptor is targeted in small mammals/C&D analgesia?

Answer 20

Mu receptors

Question 21

What opoid receptors are birds sensitive to?

Answer 21

Kappa

Question 22

Name 2 Mu agonists

Answer 22

Morphine and Butorphenol

Question 23

Name 2 Mu agonists

Answer 23

Morphine and Butorphenol

Question 24

Buprenorphine ceiling effect

Answer 24

• High affinity @ mu and kappa receptors

* additional doses only inc side effects, not analgesic effect

Question 25

Buprenorphine ceiling effect

Answer 25

• High affinity @ mu and kappa receptors

* additional doses only inc side effects, not analgesic effect

Question 26

Name 3 NSAIDs

Answer 26

• ketoprofen
• carprofen
• meloxicam

Question 27

Name 3 NSAIDs

Answer 27

• ketoprofen
• carprofen
• meloxicam

Question 28

Why is ketaprofen not ideal for pain relief

Answer 28

COX-1 inhib, will reduce mucosal protection and is nephrotoxic

Question 29

Why are steroid particularly avoided in birds?

Answer 29

immunosuppressive effect make birds vv susceptible to mycotic infection.

Question 30

Name the 3 main functions of GA

Answer 30

1. unconsciousness
2. pain-free
3. muscle relaxant

Question 31

Why is it important to ensure ET tube is uncuffed with birds?

Answer 31

entire tracheal rings, can damage

Question 32

Laryngeal local spray is needed on what animal in addition to cats?

Answer 32

Rabbits

Question 33

Why is a ketamine combo induction advised rather than propofol?

Answer 33

Propofol is metabolised too fast & resp depressant so need IPPV

Question 34

Why are face mask induction methods not okay in rabbits?

Answer 34

Breath hold until hypoxic, better to pre-med

Question 35

What maintenance GA gas is considered the best?

Answer 35

sevofluorane

Question 36

Why is IPPV always necessary in GA of reptiles?

Answer 36

Always stop breathing