Birds and parrots

Question 1

What are sebokeratinocytes?

Answer 1

Cells in avian epidermal layers to prevent dehydration

Question 2

How do birds thermoregulate?

Answer 2

Air sacs pick up heat from body and then exhale.

Panting is used when body is very HOT.

No sweat glands

Question 3

What is the brood patch?

Answer 3

Ventral area of feather loss when laying eggs. Feather = nest material, warmer to be egg-skin.

Question 4

Feathers are aligned in lines called..

Answer 4

pterylae

Question 5

There are spaces inbetween pterylae called..

Answer 5

apteria

Question 6

Flight feather consist of 2 category of feather

Answer 6

remiges and retrices

Question 7

retrices are

Answer 7

tail feathers

Question 8

remiges

Answer 8

wing feathers, provide a lift and propulsion – attach to bones directly or indirectly via ligaments

1, 2 and 3ry subclasses

Question 9

The remiges all have _______ feathers attached to them to provide extra warmth

Answer 9

down feathers

Question 10

ave body temp for a bird is

Answer 10

40degrees

Question 11

What is the order of the process of gas exchange in birds?

Answer 11

1. IH: air to trachea & to posterior air sacs
2. EH: air goes from posterior air sacs to lungs for gas exchange. Air capilaries meet blood capilaries
3. IH.: air goes from lungs to anterior air sacs
4. EH: air goes from anterior air sacs & out trachea

Question 12

What is the Syrinx?

Answer 12

voice organ of birds located at the tracheal bifurcation

Question 13

Are tracheal rings complete or not?

Answer 13

Complete, except at the syrinx where only posterior ring

Question 14

Describe the functions of the crop

Answer 14

• storage
• dilates
• transport
• crop-milk in pigeon
• RHS of trachea

Question 15

Describe the functions of the caecum

Answer 15

• MO fibre digestion
• osmoreg
• protein abso

Question 16

Pancreas varies in diff species, whats i general functions?

Answer 16

• 3 lobes
• in mesentry
• largest in raptors
• endo and exo fct

Question 17

Liver is _____ in birds

Answer 17

bilobar

Question 18

What is a cloacal kiss?

Answer 18

• copulation
• vestigule phallus contacts cloaca of female
• sperm transferred

Question 19

Only one ovary is functional in birds, which?

Answer 19

LEFT

Question 20

Describe the process of ovulation in birds

Answer 20

• Ova which are held by stigma to D body wall detach
• fimbrae of infundibulum catch
• surrounded with chalazae
• magnum coats with albumin
• isthmus - shell memb
• shell gland - calcified
• vagina - cuticle added

Question 21

Whats unusual about avian kidneys?

Answer 21

No renal pelvis

Question 22

Why does urine flow in retrograde peristalsis in the cloaca?

Answer 22

To allow for H20, Na and Cl reabs

Question 23

3 compartments/functions of cloaca

Answer 23

Coprodeum: proximal–faeces
Urodeum: medial–urine and gametes

Proctodeum: copulation

Question 24

What is the lymphoid tissue responsible for B cell maturation in birds?

Answer 24

Bursa of Fabricus

Question 25

What gland is behind the eye and produced IgA?

Answer 25

Harderian gland, like in rats etc.

Question 26

Describe the main anatomical differences in avian eyes to mammalian

Answer 26

Thicker cornea
softer lens

retina = black and avasc

better UV filtration

Question 27

What are ceres?

Answer 27

fleshy tissue at base of beak

Question 28

What do parrots weigh?

Answer 28

• macaw - 1kg
• cockatoo - 800g
• african grey and amazon - 500g

Question 29

Do parrots need grit in their feed?

Answer 29

no, they have a muscular gizzard

Question 30

Is beak clipping necessary?

Answer 30

No, if provide correct feed. Will cause polyps if accidentally slip membrane.

Question 31

How many caecae to birds have?

Answer 31

2

Question 32

Where do birds concentrate urine?

Answer 32

In the coprodeum, more so the colon

Question 33

Venepuncture sites of birds?

Answer 33

R jug v

Wing v

Question 34

How many air sacs do birds have?

Answer 34

8 sacs and 2 lungs