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VSCI200 NSF > export_respiratory system > Flashcards

export_respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What innate defense to foreign particles or MOs is present in the trachea?

A

Mucociliary escalator

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2
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

The Cranial part of the sternum

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3
Q

Where is the xyphoid process?

A

Base of the sternum

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4
Q

Describe the diaphragm’s location

A
  • between the thorax and abdomen
  • T12;
  • hypaxial muscle composed of skeletal muscle tissue
  • crural, costal and sternal
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5
Q

Holes of Diaphragm

A

1) Aorta Hiatus
2) Oesophageal Hiatus

3) Caval foramen

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6
Q

What is ciliary dyskinesia

A

Cilia not coordinated, congen. Animals will be prone to ear and resp infections.

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7
Q

Lobar bronchus becomes many tertiary bronchi which supplies..

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

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8
Q

What divides the lungs into lobules?

A

Peribronchiole CT

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9
Q

Luncg tumors can only be removed if…

A

within the same bronchopulmonary segment

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10
Q

What is monopodial division?

A

Equal sized daughters, stemming from below the growing point.

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11
Q

After 6 monopodial divisions, what happens?

A

Parent stem divides to produse many much smaller daughter bronci. Inc Xsectional Area

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12
Q

What does the trachealis muscle do?

A

It sits behind trachea inbetween trachea and esophagus. It relaxes during swallowing and contracts during coughing to narrow lumen

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13
Q

Semicircular tracheal rings in dogs allows….

A

tracheal expansion, effect of gravity.

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14
Q

Define a bronchiole

A

*

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15
Q

Define the order of bronchiole divisions

A

Bronchioles –> terminal –> resp zone –> resp b –> alveola sacs –> alveoli

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16
Q

Respiratory bronchioles have

A
  • clara cells
  • cuboidal epi, no cilia
  • no goblet cells
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17
Q

What are clara cells

A

Cells in resp bronchioles and alveoli
Secrete surfactant

non-ciliated

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18
Q

Describe alveoli

A

ALVEOLI

  • Round to cup-shaped
  • Simp Sq epi surrounded by Capill.
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19
Q

What are type 1 alveocytes

A

epi cells, thinly ‘spread’

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20
Q

What are type 2 alveocytes

A

Clara cells. surfactant producing, very few

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21
Q

What is a Bronchovascular bundle?

A
  1. bronchi
  2. artery
  3. vein
  4. lymphatic vessel
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22
Q

What property of the capillary network means that secondary neoplasia is common?

A

There are no arteriovenous anastomoses so all blood must run through lung cap bed.

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23
Q

Describe the blood supply to the lungs

A
  • Brochial a from aorta –> bronchi
  • Follow and divide with bronchioles
  • At resp bronchioles –> drain away
  • drain = CR VC, Azygous, Pulm v –> LA
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24
Q

Nervous supply of lungs…

A
  • pulmonary plexus
  • parasymp from vagus
  • symp from trunk T2-T5
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25
Q

Trachea forms from….

A

F-gut outpouching

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26
Q

The oesophagous is sep from the trachea by bilateral tracheo-oesophageal grooves which meet to form..

A

laryngeotracheal tube

27
Q

Laryngeotracheal tube becomes

A

lobar bronchi

28
Q

What embryological tissue forms the visceral lining

A

endoderm

29
Q

Foetal Hb has a _______ affinity for Oxygen

A

Higher

30
Q

What is the value of the negative pressure of the lungs

A

60mmHg below atmospheric

31
Q

horses inspiration / expiration is

A

both passive and active - biphastic breathers

32
Q

define compliance

A

= change in lung volume/change in lung pressure

33
Q

surface tension is..

A

when Hbonds cause water to behave as a film

34
Q

Surfactant is needed to …

A
  • reduce surface tension
  • break h bonds
  • allows alveoli to inflate
35
Q

Alveolar pressure is defined as:

A

P(alv) = 2 x surface tension/radius

36
Q

Would a small alveolus have a smaller or larger pressure

A

same as higher conc of surfatant

37
Q

Resistance is calc by:

A

R = 8 x length x substance/ Pi x radius x 4

38
Q

How do horses increase the radius of their upper airways

A

nostrils and conchi dilate

39
Q

Smooth muscle can be manipulated to increase radius of airways, how?

A

B2 Adreno-R agonists –> dil

Para stim —> bronchspasm

40
Q

function dead space =

A

not perfused so no gas exchange

41
Q

atmos p at sea level =

A

760mmHg

42
Q

pO2 =

A

21%

43
Q

The higher the partial pressure, the _____ it will dissolve

A

easier

44
Q

PH20 at alveolus =

A

50mmGh

45
Q

Ferric iron (Fe3+) has a higher or lower affinity to Hb than Fe2+?

A

Higher

46
Q

What is methaemoglobin?

A

Hb Fe+++, not 2+! Lower Oxy carrying ability, higher affinity though!

47
Q

Increased body temp, ___ Hbs affinity for O2

A

Decreases. exercising m need O2 when hot

48
Q

What is chlorid shift?

A

When Cl- move into a RBC as a Bicarbonate ion moves into plasma

49
Q

On an Xray veins are where?

A

Ventral and central

50
Q

Alveolar vessels are

A

capillaries which undergo gas exchange

51
Q

What happens during lung inflation to the alv and extraalv vessels?

A
  • Alveolar vessels collapse via stretch of the alv wall

- Extraalv expand via radial traction and perfuse lungs tissue

52
Q

Sympathetic control of the bronchial vasculature results in…

A

constriction

53
Q

Nitrous oxide is released by endothelial cells when..

A

Para symp stim
Bradykinin

inc blood flow and speed

causes vasodil

(also red PLT and WBC adhesion!)

54
Q

Hypoxia in lung tissue leads to

A

vasocon, to redirect blood to more well perfused area

55
Q

Cattle has lots of smooth m in bronchioles, poor ventilation will lead to..

A

Pulmonary hypertension
inc afterload

CHF

56
Q

Describe the hering-Breuer reflex (hint: over inhalation)

A
  • DORS resp centre stimulate inspiration
  • Stretch R in pons signal to pons to stop stimulation
  • this prevents over inhalation
57
Q

What group of neurons is in charge of active exhalation?

A

Ventral resp group (usually passive)

58
Q

What do the peripheral chemoreceptors monitor?

A

PaO2
PaCO2

pH

59
Q

Where is the carotid body located?

A

Close the bifurcation of the Common to the internal and external.
carotid sinus nerve (IX)

60
Q

Central chemoreceptors detect..

A

PaCO2. AND pH when H+ is taken across BB with CO2

61
Q

What pH is considered to be an alkalosis?

A

7.45

62
Q

What is the normal blood pH?

A

7.4

63
Q

Define metabolic acidosis?

A

Build up of acids (H+) from dissociation of non-volatile/fixed/nutritionally derived acids

VSCI200 NSF (25 decks)

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