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VSCI200 NSF > export_cv pharm > Flashcards

export_cv pharm Flashcards

1
Q

describe the formation of the dorsal aortae

A

mesoderm –> blood islands –> haemoblasts –> d aortae

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2
Q

What was the precursor of the cardiac tube?

A

Cardiogenic plate

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3
Q

What do the cranial parts of the dorsal aortae become?

A

internal carotid arteries

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4
Q

Name the two vessels which bring blood INTO the foetus

A
  • Vitteline vein

- Umbilical vein

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5
Q

What creates the AV canals?

A

Endocardial cushions

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6
Q

What causes AV valves to be created?

A

Cavitation. Chordae tendinae and papillary m created now too

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7
Q

Why is the LEFT recurrent laryngeal susceptible to damage?

A
  • hooked around 6th aortic arch
  • LHS 6th and 4th remain
  • –> DA and ligamentosum arteriosum
  • left rec laryngeal retained more cd’lly
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8
Q

What is the function of the intervenous tubercle in the foetal heart?

A

To guide oxy blood from CD VC across foramen ovale.

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9
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk supplies:

A

Head, neck, upper limbs, & thoracic wall

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10
Q

Why is it important that the brachiocephalic trunk leaves Cranially to the DA?

A

So that oxygenated blood supplies the head, not semi oxygenated.

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11
Q

What leads are used to measure the mean electrical axis?

A

Aug unipolar

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12
Q

Describe the baro reflex

A
  • Baroreceptors in vessels
  • detect inc BP/stretch
  • ANS –> brain –> para –> heart –> slow
  • BP/stretch reduced
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13
Q

Describe the RAAS

A
  • low BP detected
  • red GFR (macula densa)
  • JGC - renin
  • renin
  • ANGO I –> ANGIO II (ACE)
  • vascocon Aldosterone rel (adrenal)
  • Na/Water retention
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14
Q

What is a positive chronotrope

A

Increases HR, example: beta agonist

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15
Q

What is a positive lusiotrope?

A

Inc relaxation.

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16
Q

How do cardiac glycosides have a +ve inotropic effect?

A

Inhibition of the NaCa exchanger

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17
Q

Higher concentrations of Na within the cytoplasm leads to..

A

neg chronotropic effect

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18
Q

Name three classes of drug which would have +ve inotropic effect

A
  1. Cardiac glycosides
  2. Sympathomimetics
  3. PDE III inhibitors
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19
Q

What receptor do sympathomimetics target?

A

B-1.

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20
Q

What do PDE III inhibitors do?

A
  • Inhibit cAMP (cardiac)
  • phosphorylation –> Ca channels open —> influx
  • Lots of Ca = stronger contraction
  • Reflux is faster too
  • Pos inotrope and lusiotrope!
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21
Q

Side effects of PDE III inhib?

A

Tachycard
Vasodil ( inhib of phosph of MLCK)

No oocyte maturation

22
Q

Name a PDE inhib

A

Pimobendin, Vetmedin

23
Q

Name 3 classes of negative inotropes

A
  1. Symp antagonist
  2. Cholinergics
  3. Ca-channel blockers
24
Q

What class of drug are B-blockers?

A

Sympathetic antagonist

25
Q

What four classes of drugs could be used to treat bradyarrythmmias?

A
  1. Sympathomimetics
  2. Anticholinergics
  3. Methylxanthines
  4. PDE III inhib
26
Q

Sympathomimetics can cause a positive dromotrphy and positive chronotrophy, which receptors is its target?

A

B2

27
Q

Dromotophy is

A

inc speed of conduction from AVN

28
Q

4 classes of anti-dysrhythmics

A

Class I: Na channel Blockers
Class II: Beta Blockers
Class III: K+ channel blockers
Class IV: Ca+ channel blockers

(Class V - other)

29
Q

What negative effects can tachycardia have?

A
  • inc workload
  • myocard hypertrophy
  • red EDVV
  • red CO
  • syncope
  • death
30
Q

The PHARM aim to Tx tachycardia is to reduceSAN rate of fire and Slow AVN conduction. How?

A
  • Na channel blockers:
  • 1b - not permanent, prev premature beats
  • 1c - remain bound longer, reduce conduction B-Blockers slow conduction Ca channel blockers - “”
31
Q

I. Na channel blockers have 3 classes:

A

1a. Quinidine:

  • rhythm conversion, horses
    1b. Lidocaine:
  • ventric tachycard
    1c. Slow through perkinje
32
Q

What is the action of B-blockers?

A
  • Slow conduction AV

* slow pacemaker pot

33
Q

What class of drugs should be used to treat Supraventricular tachy?

A

B blockers

34
Q

What is atenolol?

A

B1 blocker

35
Q

Class III antidysrhythmics aim to:

A

Block K
Slow repol

Inc refractory

36
Q

Name a K channel blocker

A

Sotalol

37
Q

What is interesting about Sotalol and its isomers?

A 
I-isomer = non-select B blocker
D-isomer = K channel blocker
38
Q

Ca channel blockers aim to:

A

shorten plateux phase
slow conduction in SAN/AVN

neg inotrope

pos lusiotrope

39
Q

Name a calcium channel blocker

A

Amlodipine - vasodil

Diltiazem - CV effect

40
Q

Nitrates are peripheral vaso______

A

dilators

41
Q

Percutol is rubbed on laminitic fetlocks, what is it?

A

A BOMB!

Nitroglycerine, venodil

42
Q

PDE V inhibitor are ___________

A

arteriodilators

43
Q

What is viagra?

A

Sildenafil

arteriodilator

44
Q

What does hydralazine do?

A

Relaxes arterioles, decreases BP –> reflex tachycardia and ^ renin

45
Q

Indirect vasodilators will activate another system to cause vasodil for example

A

activate RAAS

46
Q

Sympathetics agonists may cause vasodilation. Name 2:

A

Prazosin and Phenoxybendazine

47
Q

what componants of the RAAS are vasoconstrictors?

A

ANG II!

48
Q

Blocking action of ANG-II would cause vasodil, how can this be done?

A
  • ACE inhib, ramipril

* ANG-II R antagonist (prevents any ANG-II acting), Telismartan

49
Q

Spironolactone is both a ______ and a _____

A

Aldosterone antagonist and K-sparing Diuretic

50
Q

Name 5 types of diuretics

A
  1. Thiazide
  2. Loop
  3. Potassium-sparing
  4. Osmotic
  5. Methylxanthines

VSCI200 NSF (25 decks)

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