GI Tract and Systemic Immunity

Question 1

An uncommitted T cell is given the nomenclature _____.

Answer 1

Th0

Question 2

One activated T-helper cell becomes _________ cells in four days.

Answer 2

64,000

Question 3

Which five main cells can Th0 cells become?

Answer 3

Th1
Th2
Treg
Th17
Thf

Question 4

At the site of antigen, activated Th1 cells release ___________.

Answer 4

interferon-gamma (which attracts M1 macrophages) and IL-2 (which activates cytotoxic T cells)

Question 5

Which macrophage subtype is aggressive?

Answer 5

M1

Question 6

The main helper T cell involved in psoriasis is _____.

Answer 6

Th17

Question 7

It’s thought that ulcerative colitis results from ______________.

Answer 7

an immune system response to commensal bacteria

Question 8

Activated Th2, at the site of antigen, releases ___________.

Answer 8

IL-4 (attracting eosinophils and macrophages) and IL-13 (stimulating IgE production)

Question 9

Three immune cell types are involved in asthma: _________________.

Answer 9

Th2, M2 macrophages, and eosinophils

Question 10

True or false: Th17 is another regulatory T cell that helps reduce the lymph node response.

Answer 10

False. Th17 is a very strong inflammatory T cell.

Question 11

A Th0 cell in the thymus that binds to peptide/MHC with high affinity ________. A Th0 cell in the gut that binds peptide/MHC in the presence of TGFbeta only turns into a _________. A Th0 cell in the gut that binds peptide/MHC in the presence of TGFbeta and IL-6 turns into a __________.

Answer 11

dies; iTreg; Th1, Th2, or Th17

Question 12

Differentiate Treg and iTreg.

Answer 12

Treg: a Treg cell that arises in the thymus

iTreg: a Treg that is induced in the periphery

Question 13

Normal gut tissue creates _________ that makes an environment favorable for Tregs.

Answer 13

TGFbeta

Question 14

The recurring theme in research on the causes of IBD is ___________.

Answer 14

leaking gut – allowing bacteria through

Question 15

What does TTG do?

Answer 15

Tissue transglutaminase catalyzes the reaction that converts glutamine to glutamic acid –a deamidation reaction –in the gliadin peptide (position 6).

Question 16

Describe the role of follicular helper T cells (Tfh).

Answer 16

They normally reside in the paracortex of the lymph node, and when they bind antigen they migrate to the follicles and active B cells to make immunoglobulin.

Question 17

Tregs make two important anti-inflammatory cytokines: _______.

Answer 17

IL-10 and TGFbeta

Question 18

CTLs kill cells but also secrete what signaling molecule?

Answer 18

Interferon-gamma (to attract macrophages to come eat the cells they’ve killed)

Question 19

Most of the complementarity of the T cell receptor is in CDR______.

Answer 19

3

Question 20

What determines the pathway of the Th0 cell?

Answer 20

The particular history of the dendritic cell that presented antigen

Question 21

There is normally abundant ______ in the gut and ________ secreted by gut dendritic cells that promotes Treg develop in Peyer’s patches.

Answer 21

TGFbeta; IL-10

Question 22

TGFbeta and ______ in the gut leads to development of Th0 cells into Th1 and Th17.

Answer 22

IL-6 (released by damaged epithelium)

Question 23

If your body makes IgE to _____________ after a tick bite, then you’ll become allergic to meat.

Answer 23

galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose