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MS2 - Digestive, Endocrine, and Metabolic Systems > Endocrine Histology and Embryology > Flashcards

Endocrine Histology and Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The _____________ have fenestrated endothelium.

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

The posterior pituitary hangs on the _____________ which is beneath the median eminence of the hypothalamus.

A

infundibular stalk

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3
Q

The anterior pituitary is also called the ___________.

A

adenohypophysis

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4
Q

The anterior pituitary is called the ____________.

A

pars distalis

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5
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior pituitaries?

A

The pars intermedia

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6
Q

The posterior pituitary is also called the ____________.

A

pars nervosa

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7
Q

The infundibular stalk (also called pas tuberalis) is made of _______________.

A

axons, mostly, because this connects to the posterior pituitary

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8
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are made by _______________.

A

cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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9
Q

Which artery supplies the pituitary gland?

A

The superior hypophyseal artery

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10
Q

The hormones secreted by the hypothalmus onto the anterior pituitary must pass through ________________.

A

the hypophyseal portal system (after being made in the nuclei superior to the pituitary gland)

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11
Q

The posterior pituitary hormones travel through the ____________ to be secreted.

A

axons of the supraoptic and paraventricular cells

These axons parallel the trabecular artery.

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12
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A 
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH) 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
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13
Q

Cutting from the outside to the inside of the adrenal gland, you pass through which layers?

A 
Capsule
Zona glomerulosa (stains darkly) 
Zona fasciculata 
Zona reticularis
Medulla
Medullary vein
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14
Q

What two arteries supply the adrenal gland?

A

The long cortical artery dives deep (supplying the adrenal medulla) and the subcapsular plexus (supplying the capsular region)

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15
Q

The cortical region of the adrenal gland (reticularis and fasciculata) produce what kind of hormones?

A

Steroid (made from cholesterol)

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16
Q

What kind of hormones does the medullary region produce?

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and enkephalins

17
Q

The _______________ part of the adrenal medulla is innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

A

medullary

18
Q

The subcapsular plexus is in the __________ layer.

A

zona glomerulosa

19
Q

The thyroid is histologically broken into _________________.

A

follicles

20
Q

The thyroid follicles are surrounded by _______________.

A

calcitonin-secreting (clear) cells and blood vessels

21
Q

Describe the layout of thyroid vasculature.

A

The thyroid has two arteries – the inferior and superior thyroid arteries –and two veins –the inferior and superior thyroid veins.

22
Q

___________ enters the thyroid follicles and gets converted to __________.

A

Iodide; iodine

23
Q

Colloid is inside the _____________.

A

follicles

24
Q

Where is the parathyroid?

A

They are on the posterior side of the thyroid.

25
Q

Describe the embryology of the pituitary.

A

The anterior pituitary arises from Rathke’s pouch, which is an outpouching of the oral ectoderm. The posterior pituitary forms from an outpouching of the floor of the diencephalon.

  • Note: this embryology explains why the anterior pituitary requires an intermediate to secrete hormones into the blood, while the posterior pituitary remains a single unit.
26
Q

The neural crest buds off to form the __________, which ultimately becomes the adrenal medulla.

A

sympathogonia

27
Q

Chromaffin cells form the _______________ of the adrenal gland.

A

medulla

28
Q

The first-wave mesothelial cells form the ____________ of the adrenal gland.

A

reticularis

29
Q

The second-wave mesothelial cells form the ___________ of the adrenal gland.

A

glomerulosa and fasciculata

30
Q

When, gestationally, do the thyroid and parathyroid develop?

A

4 weeks

31
Q

The thyroid develops out of the ______________.

A

second pharyngeal pouch (which descends caudally)

32
Q

The parathyroid develops from _________________.

A

the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches (the superior comes from the 4th, weirdly enough)

33
Q

The calcitonin-secreting cells arise from the _____________ body.

A

ultimobranchial (beneath pouch 4)

34
Q

The most prevalent cell type in the anterior pituitary is ______________.

A

somatotrophs (followed by lactotrophs and corticotrophs)

35
Q

Cells in the anterior pituitary are either eosinophilic or basophilic. Which does which?

A

Basophilic: corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, and gonadotrophs
Eosinophilic: lactotrophs, somatotrophs

36
Q

The adrenal cortex arises from ________-derm.

A

meso

MS2 - Digestive, Endocrine, and Metabolic Systems (133 decks)

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