GI Anatomy - Upper GI system

Question 1

What are the muscles of mastication?

Answer 1

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral ptergoid

Question 2

What are the attachments of the temporalis?

Answer 2

Coronoid process of mandible to temporal fossa

Question 3

What are the attachments of the master?

Answer 3

Angle of the mandible to the zygomatic arch

Question 4

What are the attachments of the lateral pterygoid?

Answer 4

Condyle of the mandible to ptyergotd plates of sphenoid bone

Question 5

What are the attachments of the medial pterygoid?

Answer 5

Angle of the mandible (medial side) to pterygoid plates os of the sphenoid bone

Question 6

Which is the only muscle of mastication responsible for opening the jaw (and not closing)

Answer 6

Lateral pterygoid

Question 7

What is the CNS part of the course of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve? (CN V3)

Answer 7

Attach to pons

Question 8

What is the intracranial part of the course of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve? (CN V3)

Answer 8

Inferior to the edge of the tentorium cerebella between the posterior ran middle cranial fossae

Question 9

What is the base of skull foramen part of the course of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve? (CN V3)

Answer 9

Through the foramen ovale in the sphenoid bone

Question 10

What innervates the anterior (2/3) part of the tongue?

Answer 10

CN VII and CN V3

Question 11

Which papillae are found on the anterior part of the tongue?

Answer 11

Foliate (taste buds)
Vallate (taste buds)
Fungiform (taste buds)
Filiform (temp/touch/etc.)

Question 12

What innervates (brings taste and general sensation) the posterior part of the tongue?

Answer 12

CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

Question 13

What separates the anterior and posterior part of the tongue?

Answer 13

Terminal sulcus

Question 14

What is the CNS part of the course of the facial nerve? (CN VII)

Answer 14

Junction between pons and medulla

Question 15

What is the intracranial part of the course of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

Answer 15

Directly into internal acoustic meatus in the posterior cranial fossa

Question 16

What is the base of skull foramen part of the course of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

Answer 16

In through internal acoustic meatus

Out through stylomastoid foramen

Question 17

What is the extracranial part of the course of the facial nerve? (CN VII)

Answer 17

Most fibres pass through stylomastoid foramen

Question 18

The chords tympani (branch of CN VII) connects to the lingual nerve branch of?

Answer 18

CN V3

Question 19

CN VII parasympathetic axons supply (secretomotor) the?

Answer 19

Submandibular salivary gland and sublingual salivary gland

Question 20

What provides general sensation to the superior half of the oral cavity (gingival oral vanity and palate)?

Answer 20

CN V2 (Maxillary division of trigeminal)

Question 21

What provides general sensation so the inferior half of the oral cavity (gingiva of oral cavity and floor of the mouth)?

Answer 21

CN V3 (Mandibular division of the trigeminal)

Question 22

The gag reflex is a protective reflex to prevent?

Answer 22

Foreign bodies entering the pharynx/larynx

Question 23

The sensory part of the gag reflex is carried by nerve fibres within CN?

Answer 23

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

Question 24

The motor part of the gag reflex is carried by nerve fibres within CN?

Answer 24

CN IX and CN X

Question 25

Part of the reflex response to toughing the posterior wall of the oropharynx is to constrict the ______ as the patient attempts to close it off as an entry point to the body

Answer 25

Pharnyx

Question 26

To numb the oral cavity for endoscopy, spraying local anaesthetic will "block" sensory action potentials in which cranial nerves?

Answer 26

CN V2 CN V3 CN VII CN IX

Question 27

Where does the CN V2 exit the base of the skull?

Answer 27

Foramen rotundamente (Sphenoid bone)

Question 28

What type of nerve supply does CN IX give?

Answer 28

``` Special sensory Sensory Motor Visceral afferent Parasympathetic ```

Question 29

What is the CNS part of the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Answer 29

Medulla

Question 30

What is the intracranial part of the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Answer 30

Directly towards jugular foramen in the posterior cranial fossa

Question 31

What is the base of the skull foramen part of the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Answer 31

Junction between temporal bone and occipital bone - jugular foramen

Question 32

What is the extracranial part of the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Answer 32

Axons mainly pass to or from the tongue and palate Posterior wall of oropharynx Parasympathetic secretomotor to parotid salivary glands

Question 33

The parotid gland crosses face secretes into mouth by which tooth?

Answer 33

Upper 2nd molar

Question 34

The submandibular duct enters floor of mouth and secretes via?

Answer 34

Lingual caruncle

Question 35

The sublingual gland lays in floor of mouth and secretes via?

Answer 35

Several ducts superiorly

Question 36

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

Answer 36

Parotid Submandibular Sublingual

Question 37

What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 37

Change the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech

Question 38

What is the function of the intrinsic muscle of the tongue?

Answer 38

Modify the shape of the tongue during function

Question 39

What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 39

Palatoglossus (attach to palate) Styloglossus (from styloid process) Genioglossus (from mandible) Hypoglossus (from hyoid bone)

Question 40

All the tongue muscles except the palatoglossus are innervated by?

Answer 40

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

Question 41

Palatoglossus is innervated by?

Answer 41

The vagus nerve

Question 42

What is the CNS part of the course of the hypoglossa nerve (CN XII)?

Answer 42

Via many rootlets that attach to the medulla oblongata

Question 43

What is the base of the skull foramen part of the course of the hypoglossa nerve (CN XII)?

Answer 43

Hypoglossal canal (anterior wall of foramen magnum)

Question 44

What is the extracranial part of the course of the hypoglossa nerve (CN XII)?

Answer 44

Descend in neck lateral to carotid sheath At level of hyoid bone it passes anteriorly towards the lateral aspect of the tongue Supplies most of the muscles of the tongue

Question 45

The superior, middle and inferior constrictor muscles of the pharynx all?

Answer 45

Overlap

Question 46

The extrinsic muscles of the pharynx are ______ but...?

Answer 46

Voluntary | Can't control the sequence

Question 47

The extrinsic muscles of the pharynx are innervated by?

Answer 47

CN X

Question 48

All the extrinsic pharynx muscles insert onto the?

Answer 48

Midline raphe

Question 49

The inner layer of muscle of the pharynx is _______ muscle?

Answer 49

longitudinal

Question 50

What supplies the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 50

Mainly CN X and IC

Question 51

What does innervation by CN X and IX do to the pharynx?

Answer 51

``` Elevate pharynx and larynx --- Attach to larynx Contract to shorten pharynx Rais est larynx to close over the laryngeal inlet ```

Question 52

Which muscle prevents drooling and what is it innervated by?

Answer 52

Orbicularis Oris | CN VII

Question 53

The tongue pushes the bolus of food posteriorly towards the oropharynx - this is action is innervated by?

Answer 53

Cranial nerve XII

Question 54

Cranial nerve X allows sequential contraciton of the _________________ to push the bolus inferiorly towards the oesophagus

Answer 54

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Question 55

At the same time as pharyngeal constrictor muscle contraction the ____________ of pharyngeal muscle contracts to raise the larnyx, shortening the pharynx and closing off the laryngeal inlet to help prevent?

Answer 55

Longitudinal layers | Aspiration

Question 56

What innervates the inner longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles

Answer 56

CN IX and X

Question 57

The initiation of swallowing is voluntary/involuntary?

Answer 57

Voluntary

Question 58

What is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 58

Extensive system of nerves found only in walls of the GI tract ; acts completely independently but can be influenced by signals from the ANS

Question 59

Sympathetic influence of the ENS leads to?

Answer 59

slowed down peristalsis

Question 60

Parasympathetic influence to the ENS leads to?

Answer 60

Sped up peristalsis

Question 61

The oesophagus is the inferior continuation of the?

Answer 61

Laryngopharynx

Question 62

Where dies the oesophagus begin?

Answer 62

Inferior edge of the cricopharynxgeus muscle (vertebral level C6)

Question 63

How many sphincters are there in the oesophagus?

Answer 63

2

Question 64

The upper oesophageal sphincter is? | Anatomical or physiological

Answer 64

Anatomical

Question 65

The lower oesophageal sphincter is? | Anatomical or physiological

Answer 65

Physiological

Question 66

What runs on the surface of the oesophagus to supply the smooth muscles within the walls?

Answer 66

The oesophageal plexus

Question 67

The parasympathetic/Vagal trunks of the oesophageal plexus follow embryological origin; therefore rotates around the oesophagus how?

Answer 67

LARP | Left anterior right posterior

Question 68

The para and sympathetic fibres of the oesophageal plexus act to alter the rte of?

Answer 68

Peristalsis

Question 69

When does the oesophageal plexus terminate?

Answer 69

Cardia of the stomach

Question 70

What causes the sphincter effect of the lower oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 70

Contraction of the diaphragm and intrabdominal pressure being slightly higher than intragastric pressure + the oblique angle at which the oesophagus enters the stomach

Question 71

A hiatus hernia can lead to ___-like symptoms because of the decreased effectiveness of the LOS

Answer 71

Reflux

Question 72

Where does the stomach mainly lie?

Answer 72

Left hypochondriac, epigastric and umbilical region (when the patient is supine)