Cardio Embryology

Question 1

Where is the heart formed?

Answer 1

In the carcinogenic field

Question 2

How is the heart formed?

Answer 2

By the coalescing of my oblasts and blood islands

Question 3

The heart is formed by?

Answer 3

Visceral mesoderm

Question 4

Where is the cardiogenic field located?

Answer 4

At the very cranial end in between endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm layer

Question 5

How does folding of the ‘heart tube’ occur?

Answer 5

Lateral folding bring the edges of the shape together in the midline to form a tube and the myocardium develops around it

Question 6

Once myocardial cells have differentiated they will start to?

Answer 6

Beat

Question 7

What occurs simultaneous to lateral folding?

Answer 7

Cranio-caudal folding

Question 8

Cranio-caudal folding brings the heart?

Answer 8

Into its final position

Question 9

What happens on day 23?

Answer 9

Heart begins to fold and loop
Atrium moves dorsal and cranial
Ventricle is displaced left
Bulbus cordis (inferiorly, ventrally to the right)

Question 10

How are the ends of the heart tube anchored at each end?

Answer 10

One by the differentiating arterial turns

Other by venous channels (fixed to atrium)

Question 11

The common atrioventricular canal is partitioned by the simultaneous proliferation of?

Answer 11

The endocardial cousins, muscular interventricular septum and intertribal septum

Question 12

How is the foramen ovale formed?

Answer 12

Septum secundum draping over opening in the septum premium

Forms a membranous valve

Question 13

What separates the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 13

Bifurcation of the trunucsarteriosus

Question 14

The 4th aortic arch gives rise to the?

Answer 14

Aorta

Question 15

The 6th aortic arch is the origin of the?

Answer 15

Pulmonary artery

Question 16

How does obliteration of the inter ventricular foramen occur?

Answer 16

By masses of endocardial tissues form the ventricular septum, the endocardial cushions and spiral aortic septum

Question 17

While the ductus arterioles is patent the majority of blood continues into the ______ via the ductus arterioles due to?

Answer 17

Descending aorta

High resistance to flow in the collapsed lungs

Question 18

Oxygenated blood from placenta enter the right atrium via the ___ and tends to pass through the foramen ovale directly into the ____ – ____– ____ – aorta – ______ and other tissues + ______ to the brain

Answer 18

IVC
LA 
LV
Descending
Carotid

Question 19

Once the baby is delivered the lungs inflate and the resistance to flow decreases. What happens to the ductus arterioles then?

Answer 19

Shifts entire right ventricular output to the pulmonary circulation and oxygenated blood from the lung is distributed systemically when the pressure in the LA > RA the valvula is pressed over the foramen ovale (Partitioning of heart is functionally complete)

Question 20

During vascular development all the vessels are?

Answer 20

Paired

Question 21

The 6 pairs of aortic arches are associated with?

Answer 21

Pahryngeal arches

Question 22

Outline aortic arches 1&2?

Answer 22

Mostly obliterated

Associated with maxillary and stapedial artery

Question 23

Aortic arch 3 gives rise to?

Answer 23

Common carotid arteries

Question 24

Aortic arch 4 gives rise to?

Answer 24

Right subclavian artery ü part of aortic arch + part of aortic arch on left side

Question 25

Aortic arch 5 is?

Answer 25

Rudimentary or absent

Question 26

Aortic arch 6?

Answer 26

Sprotus branches that form pulmonary arteries and ductus anteriosus on the left

Question 27

The vitteline veins drain the?

Give rise to?

Answer 27

Drain yolk face

Portal venous system draining gut, hepatic sinusoids and gut, hepatic portion of IVC

Question 28

The umbilical veins carry? Will give rise to?

Answer 28

Oxygenated blood from placenta

Right vein degenerates, elf remains as definitive umbilical vein

Question 29

The cardinal veins give rise to?

Answer 29

Systemic veins

Question 30

The anterior cardinal veins drain? Later on drain?

Answer 30

Head and neck

Jugular system + left brachiocephalic veins + SVC

Question 31

The posterior cardinal veins drain?

Answer 31

The trunk (azygous, hemiazygous, gonadal and renal, iliac and IVC)

Question 32

What are functions of the placenta?

Answer 32

Fetal homeostasis 
Gas exchange
Acid-base balance
Nutrient transort to foetus
Waste product transport from foetus
Hormone production
IgG transport
PGE2

Question 33

The foetal heart pumps blood to the placenta via the?

Answer 33

Umbilical arteries

Question 34

Blood returns from the placenta to the heart via the?

Answer 34

Umbilical vein

Question 35

What connects the umbilical vein to the IVC?

Answer 35

Ductus venosus

Question 36

Which opening in the atrial septum connects the right and left atrium allowing blood to flow through?

Answer 36

Foramen ovale

Question 37

What connects the pulmonary bifurcation to the ascending aorta?

Answer 37

Ductus Arteriosus

Question 38

What maintains the potency of the ductus arterioles during pregnancy?

Answer 38

Circulating PGE2 produced by the placenta

Question 39

PGE2 is antagonised by?

Answer 39

NSAIDS - don’t use in pregnancy

Question 40

When does the ductus arteriosus close?

Answer 40

Functionally with nhrs-days

Anatomically within 7-10 days due to increased pO2 and decreased flow and decreased PGE2

Question 41

PGE2 is metabolised in the?

Answer 41

Lungs

Question 42

The ductus arteriosus becomes a?

Answer 42

Fibrous ligament

Question 43

Failure of pulmonary resistance to adapt causes?

Answer 43

PPHN (Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn)