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year 1 systems (jbr) > GI Anatomy - Faecal Continence > Flashcards

GI Anatomy - Faecal Continence Flashcards

1
Q

Visceral afferents from the rectum send _____ signals to the brain

A

“fullness”

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2
Q

What can affect faecal contience?

A

Neural (dementia, stroke, MS, trauma) pathology
Medication
Age-related natural nerve degeneration
Consistency of stool

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3
Q

Where is the pelvic cavity?

A

Between the pelvic inlet and pelvic floor (within bony pelvis)

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4
Q

What separates the pelvic cavity and perineum?

A

The pelvic diaphragm

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5
Q

The pelvic cavity is ______ with the abdominal cavity

A

continuous

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6
Q

What makes up the pelvic floor?

A

The elevator and muscle

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7
Q

The levator ani muscle forms the musculo-fascial inferior part of?

A

The pelvic cavity

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8
Q

Openings in the pelvic floor allow which structures to pass through into the perineum?

A

The bladder
Uterus
Rectum

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9
Q

The sigmoid colon becomes the rectum at the _______ junction at vertebral level?

A

Rectosigmoid

S3

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10
Q

Rectum becomes anal canal anterior to the ____ just before passing through _______ muscle

A

tip of the coccyx

levator ani

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11
Q

The walls of the rectal ampulla can relax to?

A

accomodate faecal material

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12
Q

What is the difference in macroscopic appearance of the rectum between when its empty and full?

A

Goes from S-shape to straight

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13
Q

The superior rectum is covered by?

A

Peritoneum

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14
Q

The rectouterine/-vesicle pouch lies ____ to the superior rectum

A

anterior

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15
Q

The prostate gland/vagina lies ___ to the ________ rectum

A

Anterior

middle/inferior

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16
Q

What makes up the levator ani muscle?

A

Puborectalis (swing around rectum and attaches to pubis on either side)
Pubococcygeus (pubic bone - coccyx)
Ileococcygeus (iella region - coccyx)

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17
Q

What innervates the levator ani?

A

The “nerve to levator ani”

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18
Q

The nerve to lavator ani is a branch of which two nerves?

A

Puodendal nerve

Sacral plexus

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19
Q

Where does the puodendal nerve originate from?

A

S2,3,4

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20
Q

Pubcorectalis contraction decreases the _______ angle

A

anorectal

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21
Q

The puborectalis is ____ muscle

A

skeletal

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22
Q

What are the two sphincters in the anal canal?

A

Internal and external anal sphincter

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23
Q

Outline the internal anal sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle
Superior 2/3 of anal canal
Contraction stimulated by sympathetic nerves and inhibited by parasympathetic
Usually closed, releases reflexively to distension of rectal ampulla

24
Q

Outline the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle
Inferior 1/3 of anal canal
Contraction stimulated by puodendal nerve
Voluntary control

25
Q

Sympathetic nerve supply to the rectum/anal canal comes from ______ -> inferior mesenteric ganglia which synapses via ________ around branches of the ____

A

T12-L2
periarterial plexus
IMA

26
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the rectum/anal canal stimulates?

A

Contraction of internal anal sphincter and inhibition of peristalsis

27
Q

Parasympathetic fibres from ______ via pelvic _______ nerve synapse in __________

A

S2,3,4 (spinal cord level)
splanchnic
walls of rectum

28
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation of the rectum/anal canal?

A

Inhibit internal anal sphincter and stimulate peristalsis

29
Q

Visceral afferents follow _______ back to ______. They sense stretch _____, etc.

A

parasympathetics
S2,3,4 (spinal cord level)
ischaemia

30
Q

Somatic motor supply from the puodendal nerve comes from _______

A

S2,3,4 (spinal cord level)

31
Q

Nerve to levator ani comes from?

A

S3,4 (spinal cord level)

32
Q

Nerve to leaver ani stimulates?

A

Contraction of external anal sphincter and puborectalis

33
Q

The puodendal nerve exits the pelvis via?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

34
Q

Pudodenal nerve enters the perineum via?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

35
Q

Stretching of the duodenal nerve and/or tearing of the fibres with notes puborectalis or external anal sphincter muscle can result in weakened muscle leading to?

A

Faecal incontinence

36
Q

The pectinate line is the junction between _____ and _______ during embryological development

A

Endoderm (GI tract)

Ectoderm (skin)

37
Q

What is the nerve supply superior to the pectinate line?

A

ANS

38
Q

What is the arterial supply superior to the pectinate line?

A

IMA

39
Q

What is the venous drainage superior to the pectinate line?

A

IMV (portal)

40
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage superior to the pectinate line?

A

IMA nodes

41
Q

What is the nerve supply inferior to the pectinate line?

A

Somatic/Puodendal

42
Q

What is the arterial supply inferior to the pectinate line?

A

Internal iliac artery

43
Q

What is the venous drainage inferior to the pectinate line?

A

To internal iliac vein (systemic)

44
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage inferior to the pectinate line?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

45
Q

Pelvic lymphatics tend to follow the ____

A

arteries

46
Q

What are the main lymph node groups in the pelvis?

A

Internal iliac
External iliac
Common iliac
Lumber

47
Q

The internal iliac nodes drain…

A

inferior pelvic structures

48
Q

The external iliac nodes drain …

A

lower limb

superior pelvis

49
Q

The common iliac nodes drain…

A

external and internal iliac nodes

50
Q

The lumbar nodes drain…

A

common iliac noes

51
Q

The IMA supplies the hindgut which extends unto the pectinate line. The remainder is supplied by?

A

the internal iliac artery

52
Q

What drains the hindgut? The remainder?

A

IMV

Internal iliac vein

53
Q

What are Haemorrhoids?

A

Prolapse of rectal venous plexuses

54
Q

Ischioanal fossa (R&L) lie on either side of the?

A

anal canal

55
Q

The ischitana fossa communicate with each other ______

A

posteriorly

year 1 systems (jbr) (21 decks)

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