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Year 1 Systems (JBR) > GI Anatomy - Faecal Continence > Flashcards

GI Anatomy - Faecal Continence Flashcards

1
Q

Visceral afferents from the rectum send _____ signals to the brain

A

“fullness”

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2
Q

What can affect faecal contience?

A

Neural (dementia, stroke, MS, trauma) pathology
Medication
Age-related natural nerve degeneration
Consistency of stool

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3
Q

Where is the pelvic cavity?

A

Between the pelvic inlet and pelvic floor (within bony pelvis)

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4
Q

What separates the pelvic cavity and perineum?

A

The pelvic diaphragm

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5
Q

The pelvic cavity is ______ with the abdominal cavity

A

continuous

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6
Q

What makes up the pelvic floor?

A

The elevator and muscle

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7
Q

The levator ani muscle forms the musculo-fascial inferior part of?

A

The pelvic cavity

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8
Q

Openings in the pelvic floor allow which structures to pass through into the perineum?

A

The bladder
Uterus
Rectum

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9
Q

The sigmoid colon becomes the rectum at the _______ junction at vertebral level?

A

Rectosigmoid

S3

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10
Q

Rectum becomes anal canal anterior to the ____ just before passing through _______ muscle

A

tip of the coccyx

levator ani

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11
Q

The walls of the rectal ampulla can relax to?

A

accomodate faecal material

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12
Q

What is the difference in macroscopic appearance of the rectum between when its empty and full?

A

Goes from S-shape to straight

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13
Q

The superior rectum is covered by?

A

Peritoneum

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14
Q

The rectouterine/-vesicle pouch lies ____ to the superior rectum

A

anterior

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15
Q

The prostate gland/vagina lies ___ to the ________ rectum

A

Anterior

middle/inferior

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16
Q

What makes up the levator ani muscle?

A

Puborectalis (swing around rectum and attaches to pubis on either side)
Pubococcygeus (pubic bone - coccyx)
Ileococcygeus (iella region - coccyx)

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17
Q

What innervates the levator ani?

A

The “nerve to levator ani”

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18
Q

The nerve to lavator ani is a branch of which two nerves?

A

Puodendal nerve

Sacral plexus

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19
Q

Where does the puodendal nerve originate from?

A

S2,3,4

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20
Q

Pubcorectalis contraction decreases the _______ angle

A

anorectal

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21
Q

The puborectalis is ____ muscle

A

skeletal

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22
Q

What are the two sphincters in the anal canal?

A

Internal and external anal sphincter

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23
Q

Outline the internal anal sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle
Superior 2/3 of anal canal
Contraction stimulated by sympathetic nerves and inhibited by parasympathetic
Usually closed, releases reflexively to distension of rectal ampulla

24
Q

Outline the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle
Inferior 1/3 of anal canal
Contraction stimulated by puodendal nerve
Voluntary control

25
Sympathetic nerve supply to the rectum/anal canal comes from ______ -> inferior mesenteric ganglia which synapses via ________ around branches of the ____
T12-L2 periarterial plexus IMA
26
Sympathetic innervation of the rectum/anal canal stimulates?
Contraction of internal anal sphincter and inhibition of peristalsis
27
Parasympathetic fibres from ______ via pelvic _______ nerve synapse in __________
S2,3,4 (spinal cord level) splanchnic walls of rectum
28
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation of the rectum/anal canal?
Inhibit internal anal sphincter and stimulate peristalsis
29
Visceral afferents follow _______ back to ______. They sense stretch _____, etc.
parasympathetics S2,3,4 (spinal cord level) ischaemia
30
Somatic motor supply from the puodendal nerve comes from _______
S2,3,4 (spinal cord level)
31
Nerve to levator ani comes from?
S3,4 (spinal cord level)
32
Nerve to leaver ani stimulates?
Contraction of external anal sphincter and puborectalis
33
The puodendal nerve exits the pelvis via?
Greater sciatic foramen
34
Pudodenal nerve enters the perineum via?
Lesser sciatic foramen
35
Stretching of the duodenal nerve and/or tearing of the fibres with notes puborectalis or external anal sphincter muscle can result in weakened muscle leading to?
Faecal incontinence
36
The pectinate line is the junction between _____ and _______ during embryological development
Endoderm (GI tract) | Ectoderm (skin)
37
What is the nerve supply superior to the pectinate line?
ANS
38
What is the arterial supply superior to the pectinate line?
IMA
39
What is the venous drainage superior to the pectinate line?
IMV (portal)
40
What is the lymphatic drainage superior to the pectinate line?
IMA nodes
41
What is the nerve supply inferior to the pectinate line?
Somatic/Puodendal
42
What is the arterial supply inferior to the pectinate line?
Internal iliac artery
43
What is the venous drainage inferior to the pectinate line?
To internal iliac vein (systemic)
44
What is the lymphatic drainage inferior to the pectinate line?
Superficial inguinal nodes
45
Pelvic lymphatics tend to follow the ____
arteries
46
What are the main lymph node groups in the pelvis?
Internal iliac External iliac Common iliac Lumber
47
The internal iliac nodes drain...
inferior pelvic structures
48
The external iliac nodes drain ...
lower limb | superior pelvis
49
The common iliac nodes drain...
external and internal iliac nodes
50
The lumbar nodes drain...
common iliac noes
51
The IMA supplies the hindgut which extends unto the pectinate line. The remainder is supplied by?
the internal iliac artery
52
What drains the hindgut? The remainder?
IMV | Internal iliac vein
53
What are Haemorrhoids?
Prolapse of rectal venous plexuses
54
Ischioanal fossa (R&L) lie on either side of the?
anal canal
55
The ischitana fossa communicate with each other ______
posteriorly

Year 1 Systems (JBR) (21 decks)

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