Cardio Histology

Question 1

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

Answer 1

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

Question 2

What make sup the tunica intima?

Answer 2

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells (endothelium) supported by basal lamina and connective tissue layer

Question 3

What makes up the tunica media?

Answer 3

Smooth muscle of varying amounts

Question 4

In muscular arteries the tunica media and adventitia are separated by?

Answer 4

An external elastic membrane

Question 5

What is the tunica adventitia made of?

Answer 5

Supporting connective tissue

Question 6

Elastic (large) arteries with elastic fibres in their tunica media have?

Answer 6

Elastic recoil

Question 7

How are large elastic arteries supplied with blood?

Answer 7

Half obtain nutrients from lumen

Half have their own blood supply (vaso vasorum)

Question 8

What make sup the walls of arterioles?

Answer 8

Thin tunica media

Almost no adventitia

Question 9

What makes up the wall of capillaries?

Answer 9

Endothelium ü basal lamina

Often have pericytes at intervals just outside the basal lamina

Question 10

What are pericytes?

Answer 10

Connective tissue cells with contractile properties

Question 11

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

Answer 11

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal/Dicontinuous

Question 12

What are the features of fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 12

Pores in wall

Question 13

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Answer 13

Mucosa of the gut, endocrine glands, and glomeruli of the kidneys

Question 14

What are features of sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 14

No bassal lamina 
Large gaps (macromolecules and some cells can pass

Question 15

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

Answer 15

Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow

Question 16

What makes up the walls of post-capillary venules?

Answer 16

Endothelial cells with pericytes or smooth muscle

Question 17

Postcapillary venules are important exchange sites for things like?

Answer 17

Immune cells

Question 18

Microvascularly, how is the small arteriole connected to post-capillary venue?

Answer 18

Through metaarteriole network, thoroughfare channels and capillaries

Question 19

What are pre-capillary sphincters composed of?

Answer 19

Smooth muscle

Question 20

Smooth muscle in pre-capillary sphincters help to control?

Answer 20

Flow through network

Question 21

What makes up the wall of a vein?

Answer 21

Tunica intima, media and adventitia

Question 22

The tunica media in veins is ____ relative to lumen size

Answer 22

Thin

Question 23

Valves in medium/large veins are?

Answer 23

Inward extension of tunica intimal + small layer of connective tissue to ensure unidirectional flow

Question 24

What are the 3 layers of the heart

Answer 24

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epidacridum

Question 25

The endocardium lines the?

Answer 25

Inner heart surface including valves

Question 26

What make sup the endocardium

Answer 26

``` Endothelium Basal lamina Thin collagen fibre layer Denser connective tissue layer (subendocardium in some areas) ```

Question 27

Subendocardium is?

Answer 27

Loose connective tissue containing small blood vessels and nerves and the branches of the impulse conducting system

Question 28

The myocardium is a?

Answer 28

Thick middle layer

Question 29

What makes up the myocardium?

Answer 29

Bundles/layers of contractile cardiac fibres | Individual muscle fibres surrounded by collagenous connective tissue with capillary network

Question 30

The contractile cardiac fibres are boiled together by?

Answer 30

Intercalated discs

Question 31

The epicardium is an ______ on heart surfaces

Answer 31

outer

Question 32

What makes up the epicardium?

Answer 32

Single layer of flattened epithelium (mesothelium Basal lamina Fibro-elastic tissue + adipose tissue in some areas

Question 33

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

Answer 33

Fibrous and serous pericardium

Question 34

What is the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 34

Sac of tough fibrocollagenous connective tissue

Question 35

What is serous pericardium?

Answer 35

Layer of simple squamous epithelial cells + basal lamina & connective tissue

Question 36

Srous pericardium is a layer of?

Answer 36

Simple mesothelium, basal lamina and connective tissue

Question 37

What are the two types of serous pericardium?

Answer 37

Parietal and serous

Question 38

What does parietal serous pericardium line?

Answer 38

Inner fibrous pericardium

Question 39

Visceral serous pericardium covers?

Answer 39

Surface of heart

Question 40

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart formed by?

Answer 40

Bands of fibrous connective tissue around heart valves, between atria and between ventricles

Question 41

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Answer 41

Support and attachment point for cardiac muscles | Electrically isolates atria and ventricles

Question 42

What makes up the heart valves?

Answer 42

Outer endothelial layer with basal lamina Collagen layer and elastin fibres Core dense connective tissue (=lamina fibrosa) in continuity with fibrous skeleton

Question 43

What anchors leaflets of mitral/tricuspid valves in ventricular wall by collagenous strands (chord tendinae) which merge with lamina fibrous?

Answer 43

Papillary muscles

Question 44

Where are purkinje fibres found?

Answer 44

Subendocardium

Question 45

Purkinje fibres are ____ than normal cardiac myocytes

Answer 45

larger

Question 46

What are characteristics of purkinje fibres?

Answer 46

``` Abundant glycogen No T-tubules No intercalated discs Sparse actin and myosin filaments Appear very pale histologically ```

Question 47

Lymphatic vessels begin as?

Answer 47

Blind sacs

Question 48

Where do lymphatic vessels being?

Answer 48

Interstitial spaces

Question 49

Lymphatic vessels absorb interstitial fluid containing?

Answer 49

Ions Lipids Protein Occasional cells

Question 50

The lymphatic system doesn't have a pump. How is fluid moved?

Answer 50

Fluid generates hydrostatic pressure Contraction of nearby muscles Valves ensure unidirectional flow

Question 51

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 51

Drain excess tissue fluid (lymph) and pass it through lymph nodes