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BB 3rd Edition > Genetics and more biology > Flashcards

Genetics and more biology Flashcards

1
Q

BR

A

C57BR strains

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2
Q

HR

A

HRS strains

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3
Q

L

A

C57L strains

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4
Q

R3

A

RIIIS strains

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5
Q

Order - mouse

A

Rodentia

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6
Q

Clade - mouse

A

M. musculus

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7
Q

Superfamily - Mouse

A

Muroidea

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8
Q

Family - Mouse

A

Muridae

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9
Q

House mouse clade

A

M. m. domesticus, M. m. musculus, M.m. castaneus, M. m. bactrianus, M.m. gentilulus

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10
Q

Genetic mosaic of lab mouse

A

M.m. domesticus (60%), M.m. musculus (30%), and M.m. castaneus. Most lab mice share common mitochondrial genome from M.m. domesticus and common Y chromosome from M.m. musculus

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11
Q

Abbie Lathrop’s Granby Mouse Farm, MA

A

Most lab mice strains derived from small number of fancy mice from a single breeder

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12
Q

Mouse chromosome number - haploid

A

20, telocentric chromosomes

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13
Q

MHC chr. location

A

17

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14
Q

Coisogenic

A

Inbred strains that differ from original strain by mutation at single locus E.g. - 129S7/SvEvBrd- Fyntm1Sor Strain then DASH and gene

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15
Q

Recombinent inbred strains

A

Sets of inbred mice derived from crossing two inbred strains, and then developed by single pair random mating of sibling mice from F2 generations. Each line maintained separately becoming its own inbred strain (20 generations) E.g. - CXB6, female first

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16
Q

Outbred stock

A

E.g. - TAC:NIH Swiss COLON

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17
Q

F1 Hybrid

A

E.g. - D2B6F1 Progeny of two inbred strains Uppercase abbreviations of parents followed by F1, genetically identical (F1 only)

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18
Q

Congenic

A

One or more backcrosses to parental strain are made after F1 with selection for a particular marker (10 generations)

Recipient.donor-differential allele

E.g. - B6.AKR- H2 k

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19
Q

Conplastic

A

Inbred mice that are congenic for mitochondrial DNA contributed by other strains. Nuclear genome from male of one strain backcrossed (at least 10) onto cytoplasmic genome of female of another

E.g. - C57BL/6-mtBALB/c

NUCLEAR GENOME-mtcytoplasmic genome

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20
Q

Consomic

A

Inbred mice that are congenic for an entire chromosome. Repeat backcrossing of whole chromosome onto an inbred strain (10 backcrosses) E.g. - SHR-ChrYBN HOSTSTRAIN-Chr#DONOR STRAIN

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21
Q

Point mutations

A

ENU, EMS

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22
Q

Cre

A

Coliphage F1, site specific recombinase loxP (target site)

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23
Q

FLP

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, site specific recombinase FRT (target site)

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24
Q

RNAi

A

Gene knockdown mice Electroporation or lentiviral infection

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25
Q

Original C57BL/6 mouse

A

Originated from Abbie Lantrop’s female 57 (and male 52) at Cold spring Harbor Laboratory (C) and was the black (BL) line of this female

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26
Q

Mouse food consumption

A

3-5g/day after weaning

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27
Q

Water consumption - mouse

A

6-7mL/day

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28
Q

Eyes open - mice

A

12-13 days

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29
Q

TNZ mouse

A

29.6-30.5C

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30
Q

Mouse lung lobes

A

4 (right): superior, middle, inferior, postcaval

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31
Q

Mouse adaptation for high BMR

A

High alveolar PO2, rapid respiratory rate, short air passage, moderately high RBC count, high Hb and CA; high blood O2 capacity; high capillary density, high glucose,; more pronounced Bohr effect

32
Q

Protein in mouse urin

A

Taurine is always present, tyrptophan absent Creatinine is excreted (not like other mammals)

33
Q

Submaxillary gland - mouse

A

Secretes only seromucoid (mixed gland in most other mammals)

34
Q

Esophagus of the mouse

A

Thick cornified squamous epithelium

35
Q

Gastric mucosa - mice

A

Proximal portion of the stomach is keratinized, distal part is glandular

36
Q

Order, suborder, superfamily, family, subfamily, genus, species of lab mouse

A

Rodentia, myomorpha, muroidea, muridae, murinae, mus, musculus

37
Q

Mouse chromosome pairs and characteristics

A

20 telocentric chromosomes

38
Q

Histocompatibility (H) loci

A

control expression of cell surface molecules that modulate critical immune responses

39
Q

MHC chromosome

A

17

40
Q

Inbred

A

Strains, 20 or more brother x sister (filial, F) generations

Not FULLY inbred until 60 F

41
Q

Substrain

A

If branches of an inbred strain are separated before F40, if branches have separated for 100 generations, or if genetic differences arise

Base strain/ILAR lab code

42
Q

Isogenic

A

When two inbred mouse strains are bred to each other the F1 hybrids are genetically identical to each other, but maximally heterozygous (with chromosomes of each chromosomal pair separately contributed by each parental strain)

43
Q

F2 hybrids

A

Maximally genetically diverse from one another (with chromosomes of both chromosomal pairs containing a mixture of contributions from each parental strain)

44
Q

Recombinant Inbred (RI)

A

Sets of inbred strains of mice derived from crossing two inbred strains, developed by single-pair random matings of sibling mice from the F2 generation

Propegated by brother-sister matings for 20 generations, with each line becoming a separate inbred strain

Useful for mapping phenotypic or quantitative traits that differ between the progenitor strains

45
Q

Recombinant congenic strains

A

Sets of inbred strains with one or more backcrosses to one parental strain (background strain) made after the F1 generation, before inbreeding has begun

BackgroundStraincDonorStrain1

eg - CcS1

46
Q

Advanced intracross lines (AILs)

A

RI line

Produce F2 generation between two inbred strains and then, in each subsequent generation, intercrossing mice but avoiding sibling matings

Increase possibility of recombination between tightly linked genes

LabCode:InbredStrain,InbredStrain-G#

47
Q

Co-isogenic

A

When a mutation arises spontaneously or is induced within an inbred strain the mutant mouse becomes co-isogenic with the parent inbred strain

Identical except for one mutant allele

Strain-differential allele

C3H/HeJ-md2J

48
Q

Backcrossing, congenic

A

F1 hybrid created by mating the donor mutant strain to the desired background strain while retaining the mutant locus

After 10 backcross generations the mutant mouse line is now congenic

Never coisogenic

49
Q

F1 hybrids

A

Mice from crosses between inbred strains

Cannot be perpetuated

50
Q

Segregating inbred strain

A

Brother-sister matings system for more than 20 generations with heterozygosity for the mutations forced by 1) backcrossing, 2) intercrossing, 3) crossing and intercrossing or 4) backcrossing and intercrossing

Continue brother-sister matings with heterozygosity force by above methods or with homozygosity forced by intercrossing homozygotes

51
Q

Consomic strains

A

Aka - chromsome substitution strains

Inbred mice that are congenic for entire chromosomes

Useful for studying polygenic traits

52
Q

Conplastic strains

A

Inbred mice that are congenic for different mitochondrial genomes contributed by other inbred strains, species, or subspecies

53
Q

Mutagenic chemical that induce point mutations

A

ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS) or N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea (ENU)

54
Q

Transgenic founders

A

Hemizygous - injected DNA is not homologous to the mouse genome and is not an allele

Each embryo genertically altered by additive transgenesis (pronuclear injection)

55
Q

Gene trapping

A

High-throughput approach that randomly introduce insertional mutations within the genome

Vectors containing a gene trapping cassette with a promotor-less reporter gene and/or selectable genetic marker flanked by an upstream 3’ splice site and a downstream termination sequence

Simultaneously inactive and report the expression of the trapped gene at the insertion site, and provide a DNA tag for the rapid identification of the disrupted genes

56
Q

Targeted gene mutations

A

Homologous recombination of specific sites within the genome of the ES cells

Homologous sequences flank the upstream and downstream regions of the targeted gene and the construct between the flanking sequences may inactivate (knock out) or replace (knock in) a gene

57
Q

Cre

A

Recombinase

from coliphage P1

58
Q

FLP

A

Recombinase

from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mediates recombination via FRT (target site)

59
Q

ES cell transgenics

A

Transformed ES cells are injected in the inner cell mass of recipient blastocysts, which are implanted into the uteri of pseudopregnant surrogate mothers

Pups that are born are a mix of cells derived from recipient blastocysts and transformed ES cells (chimeras)

60
Q

RNAi

A

dsRNA used to produce gene knockdown mice

Proccessed into siRNAs which find a homologous target mRNA resulting in interference

61
Q

ZFNs and TALENs

A

Engineered proteins that target DNA fused to the nonspecific endonuclease Fok1

62
Q

CRIPSR

A

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

Target specific DNA sequences

Cas proteins produce DSB (double-stranded breaks)

63
Q

Mechanism of EE’s (engineered endonucleases)

A

Produce DSB by either NHEJ or homologous recombination (HR)

Vectors encoding EEs can be injected by pronuclear injection of DNA, intracytoplasmic injection of RNA, or transfection of mouse ES cells

64
Q

NHEJ

A

Error-prone repair system

Results in insertions or deletions (indels) with a high frequency, which can result in gene disruption

65
Q

HR

A

Less common repair pathway

Certain manipulations can be used to increase HR efficiency

Allows for introduction of donor DNA to generate knock-ins, specific point mutations, or for the generation of larger modifications such as insertion of loxP sites

66
Q

F1 hybrid nomenclature

A

StrainStrain

Female partner listed first

C57Bl/6J129S2/SvPasF1

B6129F1

67
Q

RI nomenclature

A

Parent Strain X Parent Strain - specific line

C57BL/6JXDBA/2J-1

BXD-1

68
Q

Nomenclature - mutant genes

A

Brief abbreviation for the mutation

Parent gene in italics

Mutant gene in superscript

E.g - LystbgJ

69
Q

Transgenic strain - nomenclature

A

Tg(YYY)#Zzz

Tg = transgenic

YYY = brief description of the inserted DNA

= series of event generated using a given construct

Zzz = lab code

E.g. - FVB/N-Tg(MMTV-Erb2)1Led

Inbred FVB/N mice in which the rat Erb2 gene was inserted under control of the mammary tumor virus LTR promotor, the first line created in the laboratory of Phil Leder

70
Q

Transgene insertional mutation - nomenclature

A

Mutant allele of gene is given designation by using the gene symbol and an abbreviation for the transgene as a superscript (-Abc<em>tg1Zzz</em>)

71
Q

Targeted mutation/KO nomenclature

A

Designated by the mutated gene with the identification of the mutational event as a superscript

Cftrtm1Unc

Targeted mutation (tm), first line (1) created at the University of North Carolina (Unc) in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene

72
Q

Congenic nomenclature

A

Background inbred strain . donor strain

C57BL/6N.129P2/OlaHsd-Abctm1Zzz

If the background strain is mixed genetic origin: STOCK.donor

If the donor strain is mixed: Cg

73
Q

Incipient congenic

A

Backcrossing is incomplete but at the N5 generation

background inbred strain ; donor strain

74
Q

Mixed Inbred

A

Strain derived from two strains which is not yet inbred

Strain1;Strain2

75
Q

Pronuclear injection

A

Randomly inserted DNA, 1-5% success, multiple copies often inserted (concatamer), must integrate stably into at least one chromosomes to be genetically transmitted

Male mice are mated with young, superovulated female mice. Females are euthanized 0.5 DPC and embryos harvested. Injected and implanted into oviducts of 0.5 DPC pseudopregnant recipient.

DNA of interest is cloned within a bacterial plasmid and propogated in E. coli

Start sequence, promotor, cloned gene, stop sequence, and vector backbone

76
Q

Blastocyst injection

A

Targeted mutation, ESCs mediated homologous recombination, screen chimeras for germline transmission

77
Q

ENU

A

N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea

Targets the SSC in males and induces one mutation every 175-4500 loci

100mg/kg q3 weeks

Fertility recovery 12-20 weeks

BB 3rd Edition (19 decks)

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