Genetic engineering Flashcards
How can information about the function of genes be gathered
Using mutant varients of an allele, phenotypic changes can be identified and linked to the function of the gene
Why are mutant phenotypes rare
Mutant phenotypes are rare a they must impact the coding strand (2%) and make meaningful changes to aminoacid chains
Why does transgenesis work
Transgensis works due to DNA being a universal code which can be read by any organisum, proteins from 1 organisum will be made the same way in annother organsum `
What branch of genetics focuses on finding gene functions
Functional molecular genetics
The study of genes and how they function
how can gene functions be determined using functional molecular genetics - and what is used
Using natural mutents
Increasing the rate of mutations
Pathogenetics - using CAS9 to break a specific gene
Transgenetics - inserting a gene into annother organisum
Model organisums are used - easily bred in controled envrioemnts and easy to manipulate
Describe transgenesis
Taking a gene coding sequence and inserting it into annother species. identifying phenotype changes to gather information on the function of a phenotype or to replace a miss functioning gene in an nother person
Describe pathogenetics
By combing CAS9 and a RNA targetting spequence you can target CAS 9 at a gene to make a double stranded cut.
This will be reconstructed incorrectly due to the lack of a template stand which will lead mutation
What is the two kinds of cells which can be changed with pathogenetics
Germine: editing the genome of a gamete to see the effect on phenotye in the offsping
somatic: editing the genome of a species somatic cells and seeing a change
What pathogenetic techniques are used in humans
1) somatic disease, can be used to insert a protein coding region into a cell which has a damaged copy of the gene
2) 3 babyed parents, maternal damaged mitochondria, can have a donor cell body to insert your nucleus into before incemination occurs
3) pre implant genetic testing - checking gametes before incemination for genetic disorder
How can pathogenetics be used to edit a gene
By adding a DNA template strand in with the CAS9 protein the cut DNA can be remade with the template strand in the new location
some DNA strands will have the edited gene
What are two methods which can be used to correct genetic disease
Gene therapy: addition of a new strand of DNA into the genome which can then undergo
transcription
(intergratedand non-intergrated)
Gene editing: Using CAS9 to remove and replace a section of DNA
