Before final

Question 1

What is a functional food

Answer 1

food claimed to have a
health-promoting or disease-preventing
property beyond the basic function of
supplying nutrients

Question 2

What are the most common probiotics

Answer 2

Gram postive cells
Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli

Question 3

What are the effects of the gut microbiome

Answer 3

Modulates the immune response
alters drug administations
releases vitamines B and K
Defend us against pathogens

Question 4

What are three things which the HUMAN microbiome does

not gut microbiome

Answer 4

blocks competition neiches
Competition for nutriance
lowers pH
Thickens mucus layer

Question 5

what is a polymorphic gene

Answer 5

One with more than 2 alleles

Question 6

what effects a polygenetic trait

Answer 6

Many genes having an ADDITIVE effect on phenotype

Question 7

how many genes are there in the human genome

Answer 7

20,000
across 23 chromosomes

Question 8

What are two forms of not random mating

Answer 8

Inbreeding
assortive breeding

Question 9

Selective pressure

Answer 9

directional selection
stabilising
disruptive

Question 10

What are is and the effects of migration

Answer 10

An individual from a different population sucessful mates to annother gene pools
- brings two groups closer together
- increases pool of alleles
- changes the ratio of alleles

Question 11

Why was the human genome sequenced

Answer 11

To identify all human genes and thier functions
To analyze genetic variation between humans

Question 12

What can variation between humans teach us

Answer 12

Muscle type
Where ancestors came from
Who you are related to
Risk of getting diseases

Question 13

What is the pourpous of compairtive genetics

Answer 13

To disover what is in common and what is different between species

Common = concerved, May encode biology in both species

Different - may encode species unique biology

Question 14

What can we learn from variation between species

Answer 14

How differences between speices arrise
How related species are to one annother

Question 14

What can we learn from variation within species

Answer 14

Sorces of
disease,
phenotype changes,
evolutionary history

Question 15

What was different and sequenced of denisovans

Answer 15

A finger bone with unique mitochondiran DNA was found

Then a tooth was sequenced,
2-6% common with melonesians

Question 16

What is the most important cause of genetic diversity for bacteria

Answer 16

Mutations are the most important cause of genetic mutation in micrboal populations
Causes:
- spontaneous - random occurance
- enviromenally caused - chemicals or radiation

Question 17

What processes classifys HIV as a retro virus

Answer 17

The process of RNA to DNA transcription
Reverse transcription

Question 18

What branch of genetics is used to dertemine the function of a gene and what techniques are used

Answer 18

Functional molecular genetics

• study of natural mutants
• Genetic screen (rapid mutation)
• Transgenesis
• Targeted mutation

Question 19

What is the name of a gene which is inserted via transgenesis

Answer 19

A transgene

Question 20

What is the mutation of cystic fibrosis

Answer 20

CFTR gene damage

Question 21

Whata re auxotrophs missing and what does this lead to

Answer 21

Auxotrophs are missing an essental gene. This means they cannot make one or more essental growth factor.

Question 22

What are the three bacterial shapes

Answer 22

Cocci
spial
rod

Question 23

What is glycocolax made from

Answer 23

Gelatonus Polysacharides and or polypeptides

Question 24

what do closed batch culture systems favour/ biase

Answer 24

Fast growing organisums like pathogens

Question 25

What is the pros and cons of cultured systems breifly define cultured methods

Answer 25

Relies on the culturing of microorganisms in the lab
Uses pure or simple enritchment

pros:
Can modify condictions to see how the organisum reponds
gives acess to phenotype
study of 1 bacteria
Cons:
To many bacteria to study
cannot culture all organisums
Not realistic to natural enviroment

Question 26

What are the pros and cons of culture independant methods and breif definiton of what this is

Answer 26

Uses nuceic acid profiling and metabolic profiling to study all organisums in a sample

pros:
Acess to the genotype
study of many organisums at once
study of non-culturable bacteria

cons:
Exspensive + complex
cannot modify the conditions

Question 27

How do individual microbial cells become a community

Answer 27

Individual microbial cells proliferate to form a population, These populations then interact to form a community

Question 28

give 1 Photohetrotroph
give 1 chemoautotroph

Answer 28

Green-nonsulfer bacteria
Sulfer bacteria

Question 29

what are the 4 ways which we can reduce the development of antibiotic resistance

Answer 29

Decrease antibiotic Utilization
Improve diagnostics
- identify resistant bacteria
Identify new targets
Combination therapy
- Also send molecules to interfeare with bacteria resistances

Question 30

What is studied in functional moleculuar genetics

Answer 30

Model organisums
- dropsfeller flys
- zebra fish
- mice

Easy to genetically manipulate and grow in controled conditions

Question 31

What is the concenpt which all cells have the DNA required to form new cells

Answer 31

Genomic equivlance

Question 32

What is transfering of genetic material between species called

Answer 32

hybridisation

Question 33

What was chargaffs discovery and two rules

Answer 33

There is significant DNA variation between species

rules:
1) A=T, C=G
2) Composition of DNA varys between speices

Question 34

What are the functions of the modified G cap

Answer 34

1. Prevent degrasion of the mRNA
   2 To promote inron removal
   3 To act as the bindning site to the 5’ end of mrna for small sub unti

Question 35

What is the function of the poly a tail ion mRNA

Answer 35

1. prevent degrasion of mRNA
2. To facilitate the export of mRNA