Before final Flashcards
What is a functional food
food claimed to have a
health-promoting or disease-preventing
property beyond the basic function of
supplying nutrients
What are the most common probiotics
Gram postive cells
Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli
What are the effects of the gut microbiome
Modulates the immune response
alters drug administations
releases vitamines B and K
Defend us against pathogens
What are three things which the HUMAN microbiome does
not gut microbiome
blocks competition neiches
Competition for nutriance
lowers pH
Thickens mucus layer
what is a polymorphic gene
One with more than 2 alleles
what effects a polygenetic trait
Many genes having an ADDITIVE effect on phenotype
how many genes are there in the human genome
20,000
across 23 chromosomes
What are two forms of not random mating
Inbreeding
assortive breeding
Selective pressure
directional selection
stabilising
disruptive
What are is and the effects of migration
An individual from a different population sucessful mates to annother gene pools
- brings two groups closer together
- increases pool of alleles
- changes the ratio of alleles
Why was the human genome sequenced
To identify all human genes and thier functions
To analyze genetic variation between humans
What can variation between humans teach us
Muscle type
Where ancestors came from
Who you are related to
Risk of getting diseases
What is the pourpous of compairtive genetics
To disover what is in common and what is different between species
Common = concerved, May encode biology in both species
Different - may encode species unique biology
What can we learn from variation between species
How differences between speices arrise
How related species are to one annother
What can we learn from variation within species
Sorces of
disease,
phenotype changes,
evolutionary history
What was different and sequenced of denisovans
A finger bone with unique mitochondiran DNA was found
Then a tooth was sequenced,
2-6% common with melonesians
What is the most important cause of genetic diversity for bacteria
Mutations are the most important cause of genetic mutation in micrboal populations
Causes:
- spontaneous - random occurance
- enviromenally caused - chemicals or radiation
What processes classifys HIV as a retro virus
The process of RNA to DNA transcription
Reverse transcription
What branch of genetics is used to dertemine the function of a gene and what techniques are used
Functional molecular genetics
- study of natural mutants
- Genetic screen (rapid mutation)
- Transgenesis
- Targeted mutation
What is the name of a gene which is inserted via transgenesis
A transgene
What is the mutation of cystic fibrosis
CFTR gene damage
Whata re auxotrophs missing and what does this lead to
Auxotrophs are missing an essental gene. This means they cannot make one or more essental growth factor.
What are the three bacterial shapes
Cocci
spial
rod
What is glycocolax made from
Gelatonus Polysacharides and or polypeptides
what do closed batch culture systems favour/ biase
Fast growing organisums like pathogens
What is the pros and cons of cultured systems breifly define cultured methods
Relies on the culturing of microorganisms in the lab
Uses pure or simple enritchment
pros:
Can modify condictions to see how the organisum reponds
gives acess to phenotype
study of 1 bacteria
Cons:
To many bacteria to study
cannot culture all organisums
Not realistic to natural enviroment
What are the pros and cons of culture independant methods and breif definiton of what this is
Uses nuceic acid profiling and metabolic profiling to study all organisums in a sample
pros:
Acess to the genotype
study of many organisums at once
study of non-culturable bacteria
cons:
Exspensive + complex
cannot modify the conditions
How do individual microbial cells become a community
Individual microbial cells proliferate to form a population, These populations then interact to form a community
give 1 Photohetrotroph
give 1 chemoautotroph
Green-nonsulfer bacteria
Sulfer bacteria
what are the 4 ways which we can reduce the development of antibiotic resistance
Decrease antibiotic Utilization
Improve diagnostics
- identify resistant bacteria
Identify new targets
Combination therapy
- Also send molecules to interfeare with bacteria resistances
What is studied in functional moleculuar genetics
Model organisums
- dropsfeller flys
- zebra fish
- mice
Easy to genetically manipulate and grow in controled conditions
What is the concenpt which all cells have the DNA required to form new cells
Genomic equivlance
What is transfering of genetic material between species called
hybridisation
What was chargaffs discovery and two rules
There is significant DNA variation between species
rules:
1) A=T, C=G
2) Composition of DNA varys between speices
What are the functions of the modified G cap
- Prevent degrasion of the mRNA
2 To promote inron removal
3 To act as the bindning site to the 5’ end of mrna for small sub unti
What is the function of the poly a tail ion mRNA
- prevent degrasion of mRNA
- To facilitate the export of mRNA
