forgoten before practice test

Question 1

what are the functions of the nucelar lamina

Answer 1

to help organize the packing of DNA, maintain shape of the nucelus
made form internediate fillerment
inside the inner membrane

Question 2

how many nucleoli do you have

Answer 2

anywhere from 1 + dependant on specises and stage of cell cycle (none during mitosis)

Question 3

what are beads of dna bonded with histones 2-4 called

Answer 3

nucleosomes

Question 4

what structure of the cytoskeleton helps move organelles around,

Answer 4

microtubuls, used as pathways for motor proteins

Question 5

what art of the cytoskeleton makes up the cortical networks and what is its function

Answer 5

actin microfillerment makes up the cortical networks reducing fluid and thus helping to maintain cell shape.

Question 6

what structure does cellulose make

Answer 6

microfibrils, cellulose microfibrils line up in the cell walls

Question 7

describe the microfibirl and matrix phase of cell wall manufacturing

Answer 7

micrifibral phase is where cellulose is layed down
the matrix phase involves hemicellulose to add strength and pectin which traps water
also involves extention proteins

Question 8

where are pectin and hemicellulose made

Answer 8

the golgi apperatus

Question 9

what is the structure of the secondary cell wall

Answer 9

multiple layers, microfibirals in each layer are oriented in different directions.
more cellulose, has lignin, less pectin

Question 10

what pokes through plasmadesmata

Answer 10

desmotubules used in cell signaling between 2 cells ER

Question 11

what is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes

Answer 11

chromosomes are made from chromatin which is DNA wrapped in proteins (histones)

Question 12

in the endomembrane systhem describe the process of carbohydrate adition to both lipids and proteins.

Answer 12

proteins are synthed in the rER carbohydrates are added to make glycoproteins. These can then undergo further carbohydrate modification in the golgi

Lipids are synthesised in the sER are transported to the golgi where they can have carbohydrates added to become glycolipids

Question 12

during phagocytosis what is the terms for the phospholipid bylayer surrounding the particle

Answer 12

pseudopodium

Question 13

what do lysosomes break down

Answer 13

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, releasing the consitiutive parts back into the cell

Question 14

what are the two activitys of DNA pol 1

Answer 14

Rnase activity: removes the rna nucleotyide
DNA polymerase: adds corrosonding DNA base in place.

Question 15

what is the size of eukaryotes and procaryotes

Answer 15

eucaryotes: 10-100um
prokaryotes: 5<um

Question 16

define the two types of polyploidy

Answer 16

Autopolyploidy: both chromosome sets come from the same speciese due to errors which occours dring meiosis

allopolyploidy: When two different plants cross to make offspring cross, then this offsping has diplod offsping to form an allopolyploidy tertraploid.

Question 17

what is the exchange of molecules into and out of the nucleus called

Answer 17

nucleocytoplasmic exchange