endomembrane system Flashcards
what makes up the endomembrane system 6 things
nuclear envelope
golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
vesicles and vauoles
plasma membrane
lysosomes
how is the endomembrane system connected
through direct connection
vesicles or vacuoles
what is the funtions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
store Ca for signal proteins
detox the body
make lipids for cell membranes
metabolise carbohydrates
what are the two types of endoplasmic renticulum
smooth and rough
describe rough ER
rough surface due to ribosomes on the surface. synthesises proteins. membrane-bound proteins and secreted proteins enter the lumen for processing
describe the golgi apparatus
is a polar orgnael which recives vesicles at the cis end, processes them, tags them with short proteins tags, then budds them from the trans face.
what do the short protein tags left by the golgi do and name
direct vesicle transport, the tags are use to direct and then to identify vesicles
does the ER change shape?
only the sER changes dependat on use in the cell.
what isthe golgi apparatus made from
a series of membrane sacs and vesciles
is cytoplasm made on the rER
no, cytoplasm is made by free ribosomes
what is the process which is important for surface proteins and secreted proteins, done in the golgi
glycosylation: adding carbohydrates to proteins
two properties of all vesicles
membrain bound organells, filled with cytoplasm
what are the 3 types of vesicles
secretionary
transport
vacuole
what is the diffrence between vacoules and vesicles
vacoules are bigger and used to transport larger goods, phagocytosis uses vacoules to transport food
why are vacuoles important in plants
the central vacuole is able to absorbe water to grow and make the cell grow without increasing cytoplasm, they also can carry out lysosome type functions
what are man made vesicles called and used for
liposomes used to administer drugs and vaccines
what are the 5 types of bulk transport
exocytosis
-regulatory
-consituitive
endocytosis
-phagocytosis
-pinocytosis
-receptor mediated pinocytosis
what are the two kinds of exocytosis and their functions
consititutive exocytosis: releases extra-cellular proteins
regulatory exocytosis: releases hormones and neurotransmitters
what is the uptake in pinocytosis
the uptake is bringing in exocellular fluid. its made using non-selective coat proteins
what is the function of receptor regulated pinocytosis
to bring specific solutes into the cell. these often have low concentrations outside the cell.
what is the function of phagocytosis
when vacuoles transport ‘food’ macromolecules to lysosomes
what is the function of endocytosis
to transport molecules and paticulate into the cell
what is the function of pinocytosis
increases exocellular fluid in cell, brings in sugar and proteins.
why are lysosomes kept at a specific pH
the hydrolytic enzyms which break down macromolecules only function under acidic conditions
lysosomes are filled with what in what conditions
hydrolytic enzymes
in acidic condtions
what is the function of lysosomes
to break down macromolecules and release the consituent parts back into the body
what is the name of the process that lysosomes undergo
autophagy
what binds to lysosomes to provid ‘food’
phagocytic vacoules
what other function can lysosomes have
they can be used during programed cellular death
what happens when lysosomes are defective
you get lysosomal storage disease
