GEN BIO Q2| 2

Question 1

the cells of all living things are made up mainly of four elements

Answer 1

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

Question 2

major components or major biological molecules of the cell membrane

Answer 2

lipids: phospholipids, cholesterol, & glycolipids
proteins
carbohydrates

Question 3

refers to the organic molecules present in living organisms

Answer 3

biological molecule

Question 3

four major classes of biological molecules

Answer 3

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 4

large biological molecules

Answer 4

macromolecules

Question 5

types of carbohydrates

Answer 5

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

Question 5

are the sugars, fibers, and starches found in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. It is made up mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Answer 5

carbohydrates

Question 6

carbohydrates provide energy through the body through ________

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

it is the most important element because of its ability to easily form bonds with other elements

Answer 7

carbon

Question 7

are composed only of 3 to 7 carbon units - one sugar unit

Answer 7

monosaccharides

Question 7

they are colorless and water-soluble sugars and cannot be hydrolyzed to form simpler sugars.

Answer 7

monosaccharides

Question 8

provide the cell the immediate energy supply it needs

Answer 8

simple sugars

Question 8

when two monosaccharides join together and a molecule of water is removed. They are also water-soluble.

Answer 8

disaccharides

Question 9

the most common example of a disaccharide is ___________. It is a combined glucose and fructose.

Answer 9

sucrose

Question 10

are long chains of monosaccharides.

Answer 10

polysaccharides

Question 11

digestible polysaccharides are broken down to _________ for the body.

Answer 11

provide energy

Question 12

a digestible polysaccharide composed of glucose.

Answer 12

starch

Question 13

are molecules built from fatty acids that are bonded to a variety of compounds. This group includes fats, oilsm and some steroids.

Answer 13

lipids

Question 14

These are molecules are mostly hydrophobic and are water-insoluble

Answer 14

lipids

Question 14

these are the basic component of the cell membrane and membranes of organelles

Answer 14

lipids

Question 15

in the form of fat molecules, they serve as energy storage and provide heat insulation for the organism.

Answer 15

lipids

Question 16

are fundamental constituents of life processes.

Answer 16

proteins

Question 16

_________, a group of lipids, are also involved in cell to cell communication

Answer 16

steroids

Question 16

these are made of long chains of amino acids that perform various functions depending on the combination and sequence of the amino acids.

Answer 16

proteins

Question 17

directly related to the to the structure of the protein

Answer 17

protein function

Question 18

are organic molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Answer 18

amino acids

Question 19

some of the common protein functions

Answer 19

enzymes hormones transport antibodies

Question 20

protect the body from foreign pathogens

Answer 20

antibodies

Question 20

act as catalyst in biochemical reactions

Answer 20

enzymes

Question 21

control the physiological processes of an organism

Answer 21

hydrogen

Question 22

carry substances throughout the body

Answer 22

transport

Question 23

are molecules that allow the transfer of genetic information between organisms from one generation to another

Answer 23

nucleic acids

Question 23

are molecules that are made of nucleotide manners

Answer 23

nucleic acids

Question 24

two types of nucleic acids are:

Answer 24

deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) ribonucleic acids (RNA)

Question 24

the process where proteins that facilitate chemical reactions by enhancing the speed of which the reaction takes place.

Answer 24

catalysts

Question 25

these supplements are meant to improve the condition of digestive enzymes which are responsible for converting the food into nutrients needed by the body.

Answer 25

digestive enzyme supplements

Question 26

these are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions by enhancing the speed of which the reaction takes place.

Answer 26

enzymes

Question 27

enzymes, carry out reactions between biomolecules without being used up. They are commonly known as

Answer 27

biological catalysts

Question 28

_______, like all proteins, are made up of amino acids linked in its own sequences

Answer 28

enzymes

Question 29

the linkage of amino acids into polypeptide chains

Answer 29

primary structure (enzyme)

Question 30

increases the speed of chemical reaction without being consumed

Answer 30

catalysts

Question 31

when the amino acids interact with each and fold two ways

Answer 31

secondary structure (enzyme)

Question 32

the enzymes final 3D structure

Answer 32

tertiary structure

Question 32

this is the folding of the secondary structure which creates the complex shapes and compartments of an enzyme

Answer 32

tertiary structure

Question 32

this is the folding of the secondary structure which creates the complex shapes and compartments of an enzyme. THE COMPARTMENTS are called..

Answer 32

active sites

Question 32

it is a double helix molecule that contains instructions for the performance of all cells as well as the genetic information of an organism

Answer 32

DNA

Question 33

it is a single helix molecule. It is the nucleic acid that's responsible for transferring the information between DNAs

Answer 33

RNA

Question 34

are the region where biomolecules undergo chemical reactions

Answer 34

active sites

Question 35

an enzyme's active site is highly specific to a particular target, this target is called

Answer 35

substrate

Question 36

the substrate binds to the active site and is then converted into ________

Answer 36

products

Question 37

enzymes may require some assistance when catalyzing larger molecules.

Answer 37

enzyme partners

Question 38

if an enzyme is incapable of catalyzing a reaction on its own, it is called an ___________ enzyme or an _________

Answer 38

inactive enzyme or apoenzyme

Question 38

are nonprotein molecules that bind to the enzyme and aids in the transformation of biomolecules

Answer 38

cofactors

Question 38

two types of cofactors

Answer 38

coenzymes prosthetic groups

Question 38

the helpers needed to activate the enzyme that is inactive are called________

Answer 38

cofactors

Question 39

are organic molecules that bind loosely to enzymes

Answer 39

coenzymes

Question 39

the result when the apoenzyme and cofactor are combineden a cofactor is attached to an apoenzyme

Answer 39

holoenzyme

Question 40

are cofactors that bind tightly to enzymes. They can be organic or inorganic molecules

Answer 40

prosthetic groups

Question 40

they also serve as shuttles for substrates from one enzyme to another

Answer 40

coenzymes

Question 40

six classes of enzymes and its reactions

Answer 40

oxidoreductase transferase hydrolase lyase isomerase ligase

Question 41

involves in oxidation processes

Answer 41

oxidoreductase

Question 42

transports functional groups

Answer 42

transferase

Question 43

combines a pair of substrates or reactants

Answer 43

ligase

Question 43

catalyzes transfer of water molecules

Answer 43

hydrolase

Question 44

promotes structural shifts in a molecule

Answer 44

isomerase

Question 45

breaks chemical bonds from a substrate

Answer 45

lyase

Question 46

factors affecting the enzyme activity

Answer 46

temperature ph substrate concentration

Question 47

how enzymes work:

Answer 47

1. Reaction Mechanism 2. Molecular Geometry 3. Energy Changes

Question 48

an enzyme-catalyzed reaction occurs when a _____________ to the _________________. This substrate has a _____________________ with the active site and is then converted into products. It is an ezymes job to ____________________ needed to convert the molecules in order to have a _____________________

Answer 48

substrate attaches enzyme's active site complementary shape reduce the energy faster reaction

Question 49

an ezymes optimum temperature is usually between ______________

Answer 49

40°C - 45°C

Question 50

as the temperature increases, ____________ between the enzyme and the substrates are ______________ because of the increase in kinetic energy

Answer 50

collision more frequent

Question 51

once the temperature reaches the enzymes optimal temp, the enzymes activity will start to _______________________.

Answer 51

decrease over time

Question 52

usually occurs when the hydrogen bonds are broken and the enzyme loses its shape

Answer 52

denaturation

Question 53

enzymes at lower temperatures are considered ___________. They______________ and therefore collisions with substrates are __________.

Answer 53

inactive move a lot slower low

Question 53

an ezyme is made up of amino acids. These amino acids have charges which are affected by the change in ___________ or the _________________.

Answer 53

pH presence of Hydrogen ions

Question 53

an increase in substrate concentration will _______________________________ since more molecules can bind to the enzyme's active site.

Answer 53

increase the enzymes activity