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g12 > GEN BIO Q2| 2 > Flashcards

GEN BIO Q2| 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the cells of all living things are made up mainly of four elements

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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2
Q

major components or major biological molecules of the cell membrane

A

lipids: phospholipids, cholesterol, & glycolipids
proteins
carbohydrates

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3
Q

refers to the organic molecules present in living organisms

A

biological molecule

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3
Q

four major classes of biological molecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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4
Q

large biological molecules

A

macromolecules

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5
Q

types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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5
Q

are the sugars, fibers, and starches found in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. It is made up mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

A

carbohydrates

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6
Q

carbohydrates provide energy through the body through ________

A

glucose

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7
Q

it is the most important element because of its ability to easily form bonds with other elements

A

carbon

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7
Q

are composed only of 3 to 7 carbon units - one sugar unit

A

monosaccharides

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7
Q

they are colorless and water-soluble sugars and cannot be hydrolyzed to form simpler sugars.

A

monosaccharides

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8
Q

provide the cell the immediate energy supply it needs

A

simple sugars

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8
Q

when two monosaccharides join together and a molecule of water is removed. They are also water-soluble.

A

disaccharides

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9
Q

the most common example of a disaccharide is ___________. It is a combined glucose and fructose.

A

sucrose

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10
Q

are long chains of monosaccharides.

A

polysaccharides

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11
Q

digestible polysaccharides are broken down to _________ for the body.

A

provide energy

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12
Q

a digestible polysaccharide composed of glucose.

A

starch

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13
Q

are molecules built from fatty acids that are bonded to a variety of compounds. This group includes fats, oilsm and some steroids.

A

lipids

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14
Q

These are molecules are mostly hydrophobic and are water-insoluble

A

lipids

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14
Q

these are the basic component of the cell membrane and membranes of organelles

A

lipids

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15
Q

in the form of fat molecules, they serve as energy storage and provide heat insulation for the organism.

A

lipids

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16
Q

are fundamental constituents of life processes.

A

proteins

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16
Q

_________, a group of lipids, are also involved in cell to cell communication

A

steroids

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16
Q

these are made of long chains of amino acids that perform various functions depending on the combination and sequence of the amino acids.

A

proteins

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17
Q

directly related to the to the structure of the protein

A

protein function

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18
Q

are organic molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

A

amino acids

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19
Q

some of the common protein functions

A

enzymes
hormones
transport
antibodies

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20
Q

protect the body from foreign pathogens

A

antibodies

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20
Q

act as catalyst in biochemical reactions

A

enzymes

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21
Q

control the physiological processes of an organism

A

hydrogen

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22
Q

carry substances throughout the body

A

transport

23
Q

are molecules that allow the transfer of genetic information between organisms from one generation to another

A

nucleic acids

23
Q

are molecules that are made of nucleotide manners

A

nucleic acids

24
Q

two types of nucleic acids are:

A

deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
ribonucleic acids (RNA)

24
Q

the process where proteins that facilitate chemical reactions by enhancing the speed of which the reaction takes place.

A

catalysts

25
Q

these supplements are meant to improve the condition of digestive enzymes which are responsible for converting the food into nutrients needed by the body.

A

digestive enzyme supplements

26
Q

these are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions by enhancing the speed of which the reaction takes place.

A

enzymes

27
Q

enzymes, carry out reactions between biomolecules without being used up. They are commonly known as

A

biological catalysts

28
Q

_______, like all proteins, are made up of amino acids linked in its own sequences

A

enzymes

29
Q

the linkage of amino acids into polypeptide chains

A

primary structure (enzyme)

30
Q

increases the speed of chemical reaction without being consumed

A

catalysts

31
Q

when the amino acids interact with each and fold two ways

A

secondary structure (enzyme)

32
Q

the enzymes final 3D structure

A

tertiary structure

32
Q

this is the folding of the secondary structure which creates the complex shapes and compartments of an enzyme

A

tertiary structure

32
Q

this is the folding of the secondary structure which creates the complex shapes and compartments of an enzyme. THE COMPARTMENTS are called..

A

active sites

32
Q

it is a double helix molecule that contains instructions for the performance of all cells as well as the genetic information of an organism

A

DNA

33
Q

it is a single helix molecule. It is the nucleic acid that’s responsible for transferring the information between DNAs

A

RNA

34
Q

are the region where biomolecules undergo chemical reactions

A

active sites

35
Q

an enzyme’s active site is highly specific to a particular target, this target is called

A

substrate

36
Q

the substrate binds to the active site and is then converted into ________

A

products

37
Q

enzymes may require some assistance when catalyzing larger molecules.

A

enzyme partners

38
Q

if an enzyme is incapable of catalyzing a reaction on its own, it is called an ___________ enzyme or an _________

A

inactive enzyme or apoenzyme

38
Q

are nonprotein molecules that bind to the enzyme and aids in the transformation of biomolecules

A

cofactors

38
Q

two types of cofactors

A

coenzymes
prosthetic groups

38
Q

the helpers needed to activate the enzyme that is inactive are called________

A

cofactors

39
Q

are organic molecules that bind loosely to enzymes

A

coenzymes

39
Q

the result when the apoenzyme and cofactor are combineden a cofactor is attached to an apoenzyme

A

holoenzyme

40
Q

are cofactors that bind tightly to enzymes. They can be organic or inorganic molecules

A

prosthetic groups

40
Q

they also serve as shuttles for substrates from one enzyme to another

A

coenzymes

40
Q

six classes of enzymes and its reactions

A

oxidoreductase
transferase
hydrolase
lyase
isomerase
ligase

41
Q

involves in oxidation processes

A

oxidoreductase

42
Q

transports functional groups

A

transferase

43
Q

combines a pair of substrates or reactants

A

ligase

43
Q

catalyzes transfer of water molecules

A

hydrolase

44
Q

promotes structural shifts in a molecule

A

isomerase

45
Q

breaks chemical bonds from a substrate

A

lyase

46
Q

factors affecting the enzyme activity

A

temperature
ph
substrate concentration

47
Q

how enzymes work:

A
  1. Reaction Mechanism
  2. Molecular Geometry
  3. Energy Changes
48
Q

an enzyme-catalyzed reaction occurs when a _____________ to the _________________.
This substrate has a _____________________ with the active site and is then converted into products. It is an ezymes job to ____________________ needed to convert the molecules in order to have a _____________________

A

substrate attaches
enzyme’s active site
complementary shape
reduce the energy
faster reaction

49
Q

an ezymes optimum temperature is usually between ______________

A

40°C - 45°C

50
Q

as the temperature increases, ____________ between the enzyme and the substrates are ______________ because of the increase in kinetic energy

A

collision
more frequent

51
Q

once the temperature reaches the enzymes optimal temp, the enzymes activity will start to _______________________.

A

decrease over time

52
Q

usually occurs when the hydrogen bonds are broken and the enzyme loses its shape

A

denaturation

53
Q

enzymes at lower temperatures are considered ___________. They______________ and therefore collisions with substrates are __________.

A

inactive
move a lot slower
low

53
Q

an ezyme is made up of amino acids. These amino acids have charges which are affected by the change in ___________ or the _________________.

A

pH
presence of Hydrogen ions

53
Q

an increase in substrate concentration will _______________________________ since more molecules can bind to the enzyme’s active site.

A

increase the enzymes activity

54
Q
A

g12 (19 decks)

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