gen bio | 1 Flashcards
1
Q
the storehouse of genetic information in the form of DNA inside the cells.
A
nucleus
2
Q
it performs a crucial role such as protecting the DNA at all times from damage and its instructions must be made available for use at proper times.
A
nucleus
3
Q
a long chain of molecule, which can be segmented into portions called that contain instructions for making proteins.
A
DNA
4
Q
DNA stands for
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid
5
Q
The DNA is packaged by a special group of proteins called
A
histones
6
Q
a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
A
chomatin
7
Q
The chromatin further condenses to form tightly coiled structures referred to as
A
chromosomes
8
Q
The structure of the nucleus facilitates this demand, since it has a special membrane called _____________ that encloses the DNA.
A
nuclear envelope
9
Q
The nucleus also possesses the _____________ a dense region where small organelles essential for making proteins are assembled.
A
nucleolus
9
Q
small organelles essential for making proteins
A
ribosomes
9
Q
the nuclear envelope is filled with holes called _______________ that allow large molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
A
nuclear pores
10
Q
An interconnected network of thin and folded membranes
A
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
11
Q
The ER membranes are arranged like a maze of enclosed spaces with many creases and folds. The interior of this maze is called
A
lumen
12
Q
the sites for many processes such as the production of proteins and lipids.
A
The lumen and its surface
13
Q
The surface of the ER covered by ribosomes is called
A
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
14
Q
responsible for the production of lipids and performance of other specialized functions, such as breaking down drugs and alcohol.
A
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
15
Q
Surfaces of the ER that are not studded with ribosomes are called
A
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
16
Q
they enter the lumen where proteins are modified further with the addition of sugar chains adding to stability.
A
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
17
Q
proteins are transported into layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces called the
A
Golgi apparatus of Golgi complex
18
Q
generally short-lived and are formed and recycle as needed by the cell.
A
Vesicles
19
Q
a fluid-filled sac for the cell to store materials, including water, food molecules, inorganic ions, and enzymes.
A
vacuole
20
Q
Most animal cells contain many small vacuoles, while plants have a ______ that is unique only to them.
A
central vacuole
21
Q
filled with a water fluid that strengthens the cell and helps support the entire plant by making it erect.
A
central vacuole
22
Q
round-shaped, membrane-bound structures containing chemicals that can break down materials in the cell.
A
Lysosomes
23
powerful enzymes, known as ______, which can defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses.
lysozyme
24
tend to be more numerous in animal cells than in plant cells. (They can also break down damaged or worn-out cell parts.)
lysosomes
25
the basic units of life
cells
26
Cells are classified into two types
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
27
The layer of both plant and animal cells that helps keep fluids and other organelles inside the cell.
cell membrane
28
fundamental structural parts
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
28
acts as a “security guard” as it has small holes that let some molecules in but keeps out any harmful molecules.
cell membrane
29
located near the center of the cell and contains all of the cell’s chromosomes.
nucleus
30
The “control center” of both plant and animal cells that controls growth and reproduction.
nucleus
31
The fluid that fills a cell
cytoplasm
32
found in both plant and animal cells and is made up of many dissolved molecules that can be used for other processes throughout the cell.
cytoplasm
33
pro meaning “_________” and karyon meaning “_______” which all mean “___________”
before
nut
before the nut
33
organisms that have simple, single-celled structures without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
prokaryotes
34
basic cell structures of prokaryotic cell
cell membrane
cell wall
capsule
nucleoid region
cytoplasm and ribosomes
plasmids
34
first type of cell to appear around 3.5 billion years ago. It has simpler structure compared to eukaryotic cells. Examples include bacteria, blue-green algae, and archaea.
prokaryotes
35
The cell wall maintains the shape of the cell and protects it from bursting when water enters.
cell wall
35
It controls what gets in and out of the cell, protecting it from harmful substances while allowing nutrients in.
cell membrane
36
It’s an additional protective layer that helps the cell avoid the host's immune system and stick to surfaces.
capsule
36
a gel-like substance where ribosomes (which make proteins) float around.
cytoplasm
36
It contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA), unlike the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
nucleoid region
37
the essential functions of prokaryotic appendages
flagellum
fimbriae
conjugation pili
37
can carry genes that provide benefits like antibiotic resistance and are used in genetic engineering.
plasmids
38
It acts like a tail that can rotate. This rotation propels the bacteria, allowing it to move towards or away from stimuli, such as nutrients or harmful substances.
flagellum
39
These are small, hair-like projections that help the bacteria stick to surfaces. This attachment is crucial for colonizing environments and can contribute to infections (e.g., bacteria sticking to the nasal passages).
fimbriae
40
are tube-like structures that facilitate the transfer of DNA between bacteria. This process is important for genetic diversity and can contribute to antibiotic resistance.
conjugation pili
41
eu meaning “______” and karyon meaning “____”
true
nut
41
Contains membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum.
eukaryotes
42
These cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. This evolution allowed for more specialized and efficient cellular functions, leading to the development of complex organisms like fungi, plants, animals, and protists.
eukaryotes
43
lack a cell wall and chloroplasts. They have lysosomes for digestion and centrioles that play a role in cell division. These differences reflect the unique functions and environments of plant and animal cells.
animal cell
44
key features of eukaryotic cells
nucleus
Membrane-Bound Organelles
animal cell
plant cell
45
in 1661, he commissioned a microscopic examination of the natural world.
King Charles II
45
have additional structures that animal cells do not. They have a rigid cell wall that provides structural support, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole that helps maintain cell turgor pressure and stores nutrients and waste products.
plant cell
46
He did more than what was required of his assignment.
robert hooke
47
Hooke’s most commemorative work came from a thick slice of cork from a bark of an oak tree. True or False?
true
48
the latin word cellulae in english means
small room
49
hooke was the first to be credited in publishing of seeing a cell in
1661
50
hooke drew what he observed and his drawings were collected in a manuscript called
micrographia
51
a Dutch naturalist was credited to be the first to study magnified cells.
antonie van leeuwenhoek
52
leeuwenhoek did not use the word “cell,” he gave the name __________, meaning “little animals.”
animalcules
53
cell theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest and basic units of structure and function in organisms
3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells
53
Hooke and Leeuwenhoek continued to make observations nonetheless. But it had taken _____ before it became generally accepted that all living things are made of cells, which can reproduce themselves to perpetuate life.
200 more years
54
In 1838, German botanist ___________ focused his interests in the study of plant cells
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
54
German physiologist, __________, examined animal cells in 1839.
Theodor Schwann
55
proposed a tentet in the cell theory stating that all cells come from other cells through the process of cell division.
Rudolf Carl Virchow
55
One of the most widely accepted hypothesis is that life originated as
primitive cells
56
primitive cells are also called as
protocells
56
He tested Oparin's hypothesis by simulating a strong reducing atmosphere resembling primitive Earth with a mixture of inorganic compounds in a closed system. ________ heat circulated the mixture, and then applied an electric spark. After a week, _______ found organic compounds like amino acids from the setup.
Stanley Miller
57
life originated as primitive cells (Protocells) from inorganic and organic molecules in Earth's prebiotic oceans some 3.5 to 4 billion years ago. The hypothesis is known as
organic chemical evolution
58
he proposed that organic molecules might have been assembled in Earth's primitive atmosphere in the presence of strong energy, such as heat from volcanoes and meteorites, radioactivity from the isotopes of Earth's crust, electric currents from lightning, and UV radiation from the sun.
Aleksandr Oparin
59
an instrument that is used to magnify small objects.
microscopes
60
Image produced by the microscope
micrograph
61
Measurement of an optical instrument for an object to appear larger than it's actual size.
magnification
62
Clarity of an image
resolution
63
Microscopic digital photographs viewed oncomputer screens, TV, etc.
Video Microscopy
63
Uses fluorescent dyes that glow in the dark to illuminate an object.
Fluorescence Microscopy
64
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
COMPOUND MICROSCOPES
STEREOMICROSCOPES
PHASE-CONTRAST MISCROSCOPES
65
Also known as "Dissecting Microscope", is a variant of an optical microscope used to examine external structures of a specimen like insects. It is designed for observation with low magnification. (2-100x Magnification)
stereomicroscopes
66
Is used to examine cells and sections of tissues with the use of sunlight and artificial light to illuminate an object being examined.
compound microscopes
66
Commonly used in schools and is equipped with lenses to enlarge objects up to several hundred times with the most powerful type having a magnification of 2000x
compound microscopes
67
Used to examine highly transparent objects by converting phase shifts in light passing through a transparent object to brightness changes in the image.
PHASE-CONTRAST MISCROSCOPES
68
were invented in the 1930's by Ernst Ruska.
Electron microscopes
69
It uses a beam of electrons and their wave-like characteristics to magnify an object's image. This allows it to magnify an object up to 10 000 000x
Electron microscopes
70
Is used to study internal structures of cells through sectioned sepcimens. The specimen must be dehydrated and embedded in resin like uranyl acetate and osmium tetroxide stain embedded in epoxy resin.
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
(TEM)
71
Similar to lysosomes, these exist as small vesicles around the cell.
PEROXISOMES
71
Is used to examine the three-dimensional surface structures or shapes of objects.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
(SEM)
72
“The powerhouse of the cell”
MITOCHONDRIA
72
These supply energy to the cell.
MITOCHONDRIA
72
They are surrounded by a single membrane, containing digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials.
PEROXISOMES
73
Coin-shaped stack of thylakoids.
granum
73
These process photosynthesis.
plastids
74
Study suggests that ________ likely originated as free-living prokaryotes, as they have their own ribosomes and DNA.
mitochondria
74
these are organelles that help a plant convert solar energy into chemical energy to carry out photosynthesis.
CHLOROPLAST
75
These are sacs in the chloroplast membrane.
thylakoid
75
Any class of small organelles found in plants and some algae.
plastids
76
The liquid portion of the chloroplast.
storma
77
Small dense region of cytoplasm that serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) where microtubules are organized and assembled.
centrosome
77
Contains 9 microtubule doublets arranged in a circle around two central microtubules called the 9+2 pattern.
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
78
These are two locomotory projections in eukaryotes.
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
78
Organize microtubules to form CILIA and FLAGELLA. These contain two barrel-like structures that are cylinder-shaped organelles made from nine triplets of short microtubules arranged in a ring.
centrioles
79
Made up of a small protein subunit, forming long threads or fibers that can crisscross the entire cell, thus, providing sturdy mechanical support.
CYTOSKELETON
80
filaments characterized to be lengthy and the thickest among the filaments .
MICROTUBULES
80
Smaller microtubules and ropelike in appearance. They give the cell tensile strength or the ability to stretch without breaking apart.
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
81
The thinnest among the cytoskeletons and also known as ACTIN FILAMENTS (allow muscles to contract and relax). They provide protective meshwork under the plasma membrane.
MICROFILAMENTS
82
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cells live solitarily, but usually work as part of a larger goal-forming tissues.
false
83
are a collection of cells that carry out a specific function.
tissues
84
All cells are joined together by structures called
junctions
85
are plasma membrane-lined connections that join plant cells to their neighbours, establishing an intercellular cytoplasmic continuum through which molecules can travel between cells, tissues, and organs.
plasmodesmata
86
Plays an important role in the sharing of water, nutrients, and chemical messages among plant cells
plasmodesmata
86
three types of junctions:
Tight junctions
Adherens junctions
Gap junctions
87
Creates a watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells.
Tight junctions
88
also known as occluding junctions or zonula occludens
Tight junctions
89
initiate cell-cell contacts, and mediate the maturation and maintenance of the contact
Adherens junctions
90
also known as intermediate junctions or zonula adherens
Adherens junctions
91
They are channels between neighboring cells that allow for the transport of ions, water, and other substances.
Gap junctions
92
also known as communicating junctions or macula communicans
Gap junctions
93
Tissue cells secrete a layer mix of proteins and polysaccharides (glycoproteins), called
Extracellular Matrix
94
acts as a glue to bind the cells together in tissues and provide mechanical strength.
Extracellular Matrix
95
also enables the cells to communicate with surrounding cells to signal development, movement, and coordination.
Extracellular Matrix
96
produced mostly in the blood and are synthesized primarily in the red bone marrow.
blood cell
97
play an important role in maintaining the formation of the bone tissue
bone cell
98
work together to create and release a product into a duct or the bloodstream.
gland cell
99
cells that make up muscle tissue
muscle tissue
100
the egg and sperm are the reproductive cells
reproductive cell
100
facilitates in the transmission of messages for the brain to function.
nerve cell
