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g12 > gen bio | 1 > Flashcards

gen bio | 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the storehouse of genetic information in the form of DNA inside the cells.

A

nucleus

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2
Q

it performs a crucial role such as protecting the DNA at all times from damage and its instructions must be made available for use at proper times.

A

nucleus

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3
Q

a long chain of molecule, which can be segmented into portions called that contain instructions for making proteins.

A

DNA

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4
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

The DNA is packaged by a special group of proteins called

A

histones

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6
Q

a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

A

chomatin

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7
Q

The chromatin further condenses to form tightly coiled structures referred to as

A

chromosomes

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8
Q

The structure of the nucleus facilitates this demand, since it has a special membrane called _____________ that encloses the DNA.

A

nuclear envelope

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9
Q

The nucleus also possesses the _____________ a dense region where small organelles essential for making proteins are assembled.

A

nucleolus

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9
Q

small organelles essential for making proteins

A

ribosomes

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9
Q

the nuclear envelope is filled with holes called _______________ that allow large molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

A

nuclear pores

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10
Q

An interconnected network of thin and folded membranes

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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11
Q

The ER membranes are arranged like a maze of enclosed spaces with many creases and folds. The interior of this maze is called


A

lumen

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12
Q

the sites for many processes such as the production of proteins and lipids.


A

The lumen and its surface

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13
Q

The surface of the ER covered by ribosomes is called


A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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14
Q

responsible for the production of lipids and performance of other specialized functions, such as breaking down drugs and alcohol.


A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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15
Q

Surfaces of the ER that are not studded with ribosomes are called


A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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16
Q

they enter the lumen where proteins are modified further with the addition of sugar chains adding to stability.


A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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17
Q

proteins are transported into layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces called the


A

Golgi apparatus of Golgi complex

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18
Q

generally short-lived and are formed and recycle as needed by the cell.


A

Vesicles

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19
Q

a fluid-filled sac for the cell to store materials, including water, food molecules, inorganic ions, and enzymes.


A

vacuole

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20
Q

Most animal cells contain many small vacuoles, while plants have a ______ that is unique only to them.


A

central vacuole

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21
Q

filled with a water fluid that strengthens the cell and helps support the entire plant by making it erect.


A

central vacuole

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22
Q

round-shaped, membrane-bound structures containing chemicals that can break down materials in the cell.


A

Lysosomes

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23
Q

powerful enzymes, known as ______, which can defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses.


A

lysozyme

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24
Q

tend to be more numerous in animal cells than in plant cells. (They can also break down damaged or worn-out cell parts.)


A

lysosomes

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25
Q

the basic units of life

A

cells

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26
Q

Cells are classified into two types

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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27
Q

The layer of both plant and animal cells that helps keep fluids and other organelles inside the cell.

A

cell membrane

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28
Q

fundamental structural parts

A

cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

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28
Q

acts as a “security guard” as it has small holes that let some molecules in but keeps out any harmful molecules.

A

cell membrane

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29
Q

located near the center of the cell and contains all of the cell’s chromosomes.

A

nucleus

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30
Q

The “control center” of both plant and animal cells that controls growth and reproduction.

A

nucleus

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31
Q

The fluid that fills a cell

A

cytoplasm

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32
Q

found in both plant and animal cells and is made up of many dissolved molecules that can be used for other processes throughout the cell.

A

cytoplasm

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33
Q

pro meaning “_________” and karyon meaning “_______” which all mean “___________”

A

before
nut
before the nut

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33
Q

organisms that have simple, single-celled structures without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

A

prokaryotes

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34
Q

basic cell structures of prokaryotic cell

A

cell membrane
cell wall
capsule
nucleoid region
cytoplasm and ribosomes
plasmids

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34
Q

first type of cell to appear around 3.5 billion years ago. It has simpler structure compared to eukaryotic cells. Examples include bacteria, blue-green algae, and archaea.

A

prokaryotes

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35
Q

The cell wall maintains the shape of the cell and protects it from bursting when water enters.

A

cell wall

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35
Q

It controls what gets in and out of the cell, protecting it from harmful substances while allowing nutrients in.

A

cell membrane

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36
Q

It’s an additional protective layer that helps the cell avoid the host’s immune system and stick to surfaces.

A

capsule

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36
Q

a gel-like substance where ribosomes (which make proteins) float around.

A

cytoplasm

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36
Q

It contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA), unlike the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.

A

nucleoid region

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37
Q

the essential functions of prokaryotic appendages

A

flagellum
fimbriae
conjugation pili

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37
Q

can carry genes that provide benefits like antibiotic resistance and are used in genetic engineering.

A

plasmids

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38
Q

It acts like a tail that can rotate. This rotation propels the bacteria, allowing it to move towards or away from stimuli, such as nutrients or harmful substances.

A

flagellum

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39
Q

These are small, hair-like projections that help the bacteria stick to surfaces. This attachment is crucial for colonizing environments and can contribute to infections (e.g., bacteria sticking to the nasal passages).

A

fimbriae

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40
Q

are tube-like structures that facilitate the transfer of DNA between bacteria. This process is important for genetic diversity and can contribute to antibiotic resistance.

A

conjugation pili

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41
Q

eu meaning “______” and karyon meaning “____”

A

true
nut

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41
Q

Contains membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum.

A

eukaryotes

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42
Q

These cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. This evolution allowed for more specialized and efficient cellular functions, leading to the development of complex organisms like fungi, plants, animals, and protists.

A

eukaryotes

43
Q

lack a cell wall and chloroplasts. They have lysosomes for digestion and centrioles that play a role in cell division. These differences reflect the unique functions and environments of plant and animal cells.

A

animal cell

44
Q

key features of eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus
Membrane-Bound Organelles
animal cell
plant cell

45
Q

in 1661, he commissioned a microscopic examination of the natural world.

A

King Charles II

45
Q

have additional structures that animal cells do not. They have a rigid cell wall that provides structural support, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole that helps maintain cell turgor pressure and stores nutrients and waste products.

A

plant cell

46
Q

He did more than what was required of his assignment.

A

robert hooke

47
Q

Hooke’s most commemorative work came from a thick slice of cork from a bark of an oak tree. True or False?

A

true

48
Q

the latin word cellulae in english means

A

small room

49
Q

hooke was the first to be credited in publishing of seeing a cell in

A

1661

50
Q

hooke drew what he observed and his drawings were collected in a manuscript called

A

micrographia

51
Q

a Dutch naturalist was credited to be the first to study magnified cells.

A

antonie van leeuwenhoek

52
Q

leeuwenhoek did not use the word “cell,” he gave the name __________, meaning “little animals.”

A

animalcules

53
Q

cell theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest and basic units of structure and function in organisms
  3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells
53
Q

Hooke and Leeuwenhoek continued to make observations nonetheless. But it had taken _____ before it became generally accepted that all living things are made of cells, which can reproduce themselves to perpetuate life.

A

200 more years

54
Q

In 1838, German botanist ___________ focused his interests in the study of plant cells

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

54
Q

German physiologist, __________, examined animal cells in 1839.

A

Theodor Schwann

55
Q

proposed a tentet in the cell theory stating that all cells come from other cells through the process of cell division.

A

Rudolf Carl Virchow

55
Q

One of the most widely accepted hypothesis is that life originated as

A

primitive cells

56
Q

primitive cells are also called as

A

protocells

56
Q

He tested Oparin’s hypothesis by simulating a strong reducing atmosphere resembling primitive Earth with a mixture of inorganic compounds in a closed system. ________ heat circulated the mixture, and then applied an electric spark. After a week, _______ found organic compounds like amino acids from the setup.

A

Stanley Miller

57
Q

life originated as primitive cells (Protocells) from inorganic and organic molecules in Earth’s prebiotic oceans some 3.5 to 4 billion years ago. The hypothesis is known as

A

organic chemical evolution

58
Q

he proposed that organic molecules might have been assembled in Earth’s primitive atmosphere in the presence of strong energy, such as heat from volcanoes and meteorites, radioactivity from the isotopes of Earth’s crust, electric currents from lightning, and UV radiation from the sun.

A

Aleksandr Oparin

59
Q

an instrument that is used to magnify small objects.

A

microscopes

60
Q

Image produced by the microscope

A

micrograph

61
Q

Measurement of an optical instrument for an object to appear larger than it’s actual size.

A

magnification

62
Q

Clarity of an image

A

resolution

63
Q

Microscopic digital photographs viewed oncomputer screens, TV, etc.

A

Video Microscopy

63
Q

Uses fluorescent dyes that glow in the dark to illuminate an object.

A

Fluorescence Microscopy

64
Q

TYPES OF MICROSCOPES

A

COMPOUND MICROSCOPES
STEREOMICROSCOPES
PHASE-CONTRAST MISCROSCOPES

65
Q

Also known as “Dissecting Microscope”, is a variant of an optical microscope used to examine external structures of a specimen like insects. It is designed for observation with low magnification. (2-100x Magnification)

A

stereomicroscopes

66
Q

Is used to examine cells and sections of tissues with the use of sunlight and artificial light to illuminate an object being examined.

A

compound microscopes

66
Q

Commonly used in schools and is equipped with lenses to enlarge objects up to several hundred times with the most powerful type having a magnification of 2000x

A

compound microscopes

67
Q

Used to examine highly transparent objects by converting phase shifts in light passing through a transparent object to brightness changes in the image.

A

PHASE-CONTRAST MISCROSCOPES

68
Q

were invented in the 1930’s by Ernst Ruska.

A

Electron microscopes

69
Q

It uses a beam of electrons and their wave-like characteristics to magnify an object’s image. This allows it to magnify an object up to 10 000 000x

A

Electron microscopes

70
Q

Is used to study internal structures of cells through sectioned sepcimens. The specimen must be dehydrated and embedded in resin like uranyl acetate and osmium tetroxide stain embedded in epoxy resin.

A

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
(TEM)

71
Q

Similar to lysosomes, these exist as small vesicles around the cell.

A

PEROXISOMES

71
Q

Is used to examine the three-dimensional surface structures or shapes of objects.

A

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
(SEM)

72
Q

“The powerhouse of the cell”

A

MITOCHONDRIA

72
Q

These supply energy to the cell.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

72
Q

They are surrounded by a single membrane, containing digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials.

A

PEROXISOMES

73
Q

Coin-shaped stack of thylakoids.

A

granum

73
Q

These process photosynthesis.

A

plastids

74
Q

Study suggests that ________ likely originated as free-living prokaryotes, as they have their own ribosomes and DNA.

A

mitochondria

74
Q

these are organelles that help a plant convert solar energy into chemical energy to carry out photosynthesis.

A

CHLOROPLAST

75
Q

These are sacs in the chloroplast membrane.

A

thylakoid

75
Q

Any class of small organelles found in plants and some algae.

A

plastids

76
Q

The liquid portion of the chloroplast.

A

storma

77
Q

Small dense region of cytoplasm that serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) where microtubules are organized and assembled.

A

centrosome

77
Q

Contains 9 microtubule doublets arranged in a circle around two central microtubules called the 9+2 pattern.

A

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

78
Q

These are two locomotory projections in eukaryotes.

A

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

78
Q

Organize microtubules to form CILIA and FLAGELLA. These contain two barrel-like structures that are cylinder-shaped organelles made from nine triplets of short microtubules arranged in a ring.

A

centrioles

79
Q

Made up of a small protein subunit, forming long threads or fibers that can crisscross the entire cell, thus, providing sturdy mechanical support.

A

CYTOSKELETON

80
Q

filaments characterized to be lengthy and the thickest among the filaments .

A

MICROTUBULES

80
Q

Smaller microtubules and ropelike in appearance. They give the cell tensile strength or the ability to stretch without breaking apart.

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

81
Q

The thinnest among the cytoskeletons and also known as ACTIN FILAMENTS (allow muscles to contract and relax). They provide protective meshwork under the plasma membrane.

A

MICROFILAMENTS

82
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Cells live solitarily, but usually work as part of a larger goal-forming tissues.

A

false

83
Q

are a collection of cells that carry out a specific function.

A

tissues

84
Q

All cells are joined together by structures called

A

junctions

85
Q

are plasma membrane-lined connections that join plant cells to their neighbours, establishing an intercellular cytoplasmic continuum through which molecules can travel between cells, tissues, and organs.

A

plasmodesmata

86
Q

Plays an important role in the sharing of water, nutrients, and chemical messages among plant cells

A

plasmodesmata

86
Q

three types of junctions:

A

Tight junctions
Adherens junctions
Gap junctions

87
Q

Creates a watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells.

A

Tight junctions

88
Q

also known as occluding junctions or zonula occludens

A

Tight junctions

89
Q

initiate cell-cell contacts, and mediate the maturation and maintenance of the contact

A

Adherens junctions

90
Q

also known as intermediate junctions or zonula adherens

A

Adherens junctions

91
Q

They are channels between neighboring cells that allow for the transport of ions, water, and other substances.

A

Gap junctions

92
Q

also known as communicating junctions or macula communicans

A

Gap junctions

93
Q

Tissue cells secrete a layer mix of proteins and polysaccharides (glycoproteins), called

A

Extracellular Matrix

94
Q

acts as a glue to bind the cells together in tissues and provide mechanical strength.

A

Extracellular Matrix

95
Q

also enables the cells to communicate with surrounding cells to signal development, movement, and coordination.

A

Extracellular Matrix

96
Q

produced mostly in the blood and are synthesized primarily in the red bone marrow.

A

blood cell

97
Q

play an important role in maintaining the formation of the bone tissue

A

bone cell

98
Q

work together to create and release a product into a duct or the bloodstream.

A

gland cell

99
Q

cells that make up muscle tissue

A

muscle tissue

100
Q

the egg and sperm are the reproductive cells

A

reproductive cell

100
Q

facilitates in the transmission of messages for the brain to function.

A

nerve cell

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