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bio 141 Q1 > gas exchange and immunity > Flashcards

gas exchange and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system is made of

A

heart, tubes, and blood

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2
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

blood is pumped to LUNGS by RIGHT side of heart

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3
Q

systematic circuit

A

blood is pumped throughout BODY by LEFT side of the heart

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4
Q

4 chambers in the heart

A

left/right ventricle; left/right atrium

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5
Q

ventricle functions:

A

contracts to put blood out of heart

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6
Q

blood enters ventricle from

A

atria

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7
Q

which chamber does blood enter first?

A

atria

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8
Q

atria function

A

absorb blood while ventricle is contracting; top off ventricle to increase efficiency

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9
Q

size: ventricle vs atria

A

ventricle is larger

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10
Q

4 valves of the heart

A

right/left atrioventricular valve ; left/right semilunar valves

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11
Q

atrioventricular valve functions

A

one way valve that allows blood into the ventricle but NOT the atrium

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12
Q

where is the atrioventricular valve located?

A

between atrium and ventricle

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13
Q

where is the semilunar valve located?

A

between ventricle and artery

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14
Q

semilunar valve function

A

one way valve that prevents blood from rushing back into ventricle

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15
Q

what creates the electrical signal of the heart rhythm?

A

the sinoatrial node wall of right atrium

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16
Q

atrioventricular node function

A

delays electrical signal so the atrium can contract and empty before the ventricle contracts

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17
Q

___ slows heart

A

parasympathetic NS

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18
Q

___ speeds heart up

A

sympathetic NS

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19
Q

what makes blood pass without friction?

A

endothelium (smooth epithelium) lining

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20
Q

capillary exchange:

A

???

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21
Q

artery carries blood

A

away from heart

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22
Q

vein carries blood

A

back to heart

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23
Q

blood pressure can be thought of as

A

“gas” for getting places

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24
Q

where is blood pressure measured?

A

the arteries

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25
blood pressure is highest as
ventricle contracts
26
Systolic pressure:
forces blood into arteries and stretches them
27
Diastolic pressure:
some blood from last contraction has been pushed into capillaries
28
about how many miles worth of capillaries are there in a human?
60,000 miles
29
how much blood fills the 60,000 miles of capillaries?
5-10%
30
precapillary sphincters can allow blood to...
flow where it is needed most
31
respiratory system is designed to obtain oxygen by
extracting it from environment and distributing it to cells (via gills, trachea, lungs)
32
mammals: lungs exchange oxygen with
air
33
lungs are made of
microscope sacs called alveoli
34
how many alveoli per lung?
480 million
35
___ enters blood from air ____ leaves blood into air
Oxygen; CO2
36
negative pressure breathing
pressure in cavity surrounding lungs is lower
37
lowering pressure:
*Increases space in thoracic cavity *Diaphragm contraction lowers bottom of cavity *Rib intercostal contraction pushes out front of cavity
38
emptying alveoli is active or passive
passive
39
increasing pressure:
*Relaxed diaphragm moves back up *Relaxed intercostal muscles allow ribs to fall back down
40
oxygen in blood is hard to measure, but...
CO2 is easy to measure since it makes blood more acidic
41
lower pH blood:
-more CO2 being created, not enough O2 -increase breathing rate raises O2 and lowers CO2
42
higher pH blood:
less CO2 being created, enough O2 -decrease breathing to save energy
43
guessing wrong amount of O2 in blood
Increases release of CO2 from blood but does not increases O2 levels in blood since blood is already saturated when resting. body thinks it has more oxygen than It does
44
red blood cells are specialized to
carry oxygen
45
specialized molecules carry oxygen bound to metal atoms: iron and blue.
iron: red blood copper: blue blood
46
___ carries O2 in vertebrates
hemoglobin
47
hemoglobin components
protein made of 4 units, each contain 1 iron atom
48
oxygen disassociation
% of O2 that unbinds from hemoglobin
49
bohr shift:
pH affects hemoglobin disassociation
50
low pH affect on hemoglobin disassociation?
Low pH increases disassociation and MORE oxygen is released (Lower pH is found where more Co2 is being produced (where oxygen is needed most)
51
types of immune systems
innate and adaptive
52
innate immunity is fast or slow
very rapid; "always on"
53
immune systems function...
whether it has seen the pathogen before or not
54
components of innate immune systems
barriers and generalized internal defense
55
innate immune systems to mucous membranes:
-pathogens get stuck and washed away
56
innate immune systems use chemical defenses:
-lysozyme breaks up bacterial cell walls -acid in stomach digest pathogens
57
internal defenses for innate immune system includes:
Phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response
58
what do phagocytic cells do?
eat and digest invaders
59
types of phagocytic cells:
-neutrophils (go to infected tissues) -macrophages (travel in blood/waits in organs) -dendritic cells (sound the alarm) -lymphatic system (carries liquid that bathes cells)
60
natural killer cells do what
scan animal's own cells to detect abnormal surfaces proteins then they release chemicals that kill infected/abnormal cells
61
antimicrobial proteins are produced when
a class of pathogens is recognized
62
what does inflammatory response do?
calls reinforcement to the infected area
63
complement system
inactive proteins in blood that activate when they run into microbes
64
inflammatory response: ___ and ____ promote blood flow to region
histamine and cytokines
65
histamine causes blood vessels to...
become more permeable so that plasma and white blood cells can easily leak into tissues
66
adaptive immunity
2nd line of defense to A SINGLE pathogen
67
adaptive immunity only works in..
pathogens it has seen before
68
lymphocytes:
type of white blood cell created in bone marrow
69
types of lymphocytes:
B cells (mature in bone marrow) T cells (mature in thymus)
70
antigens
markers (protein) on viruses that B and T cells can recognize
71
antigen receptors
molecules on B and T cells that recognize antigens
72
antigens receptors only binds to...
1 specific antigen
73
effector cells are produced
AFTER an antigen receptor is matched to an antigen
74
effector B cells are AKA
plasma cells
75
what do effector B cells do?
matches most important bit on invader to stop its function
76
effector T cells are AKA
cytotoxic T cells
77
what do effector T cells do?
they eliminate animal cells with attacker inside
78
helper T cells function:
activate B and T cells to attack invader
79
what infects and destroys helper T cells?
HIV
80
memory cells
act as effector cells if pathogen ever appears again and immediately clone if pathogen is encountered again
81
primary immune response:
oB & T cells become active after first exposure to antigen oPeak 10-17 days
82
secondary immune response
oAntigen is encountered again oRapid response peaks in 2-7 days oMuch greater magnitude oOverwhelm infection before it gets out of control oHuge advantage of adaptive immunity oWhy you can only catch a disease once
83
immunization provides
antigens for the body to match
84
what activates secondary immune response?
booster shot
85
what causes autoimmune disease?
maturation of B or T cells does not work right

bio 141 Q1 (22 decks)

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