gas exchange and immunity Flashcards
cardiovascular system is made of
heart, tubes, and blood
pulmonary circuit
blood is pumped to LUNGS by RIGHT side of heart
systematic circuit
blood is pumped throughout BODY by LEFT side of the heart
4 chambers in the heart
left/right ventricle; left/right atrium
ventricle functions:
contracts to put blood out of heart
blood enters ventricle from
atria
which chamber does blood enter first?
atria
atria function
absorb blood while ventricle is contracting; top off ventricle to increase efficiency
size: ventricle vs atria
ventricle is larger
4 valves of the heart
right/left atrioventricular valve ; left/right semilunar valves
atrioventricular valve functions
one way valve that allows blood into the ventricle but NOT the atrium
where is the atrioventricular valve located?
between atrium and ventricle
where is the semilunar valve located?
between ventricle and artery
semilunar valve function
one way valve that prevents blood from rushing back into ventricle
what creates the electrical signal of the heart rhythm?
the sinoatrial node wall of right atrium
atrioventricular node function
delays electrical signal so the atrium can contract and empty before the ventricle contracts
___ slows heart
parasympathetic NS
___ speeds heart up
sympathetic NS
what makes blood pass without friction?
endothelium (smooth epithelium) lining
capillary exchange:
???
artery carries blood
away from heart
vein carries blood
back to heart
blood pressure can be thought of as
“gas” for getting places
where is blood pressure measured?
the arteries
blood pressure is highest as
ventricle contracts
Systolic pressure:
forces blood into arteries and stretches them
Diastolic pressure:
some blood from last contraction has been pushed into capillaries
about how many miles worth of capillaries are there in a human?
60,000 miles
how much blood fills the 60,000 miles of capillaries?
5-10%
precapillary sphincters can allow blood to…
flow where it is needed most
respiratory system is designed to obtain oxygen by
extracting it from environment and distributing it to cells (via gills, trachea, lungs)
mammals: lungs exchange oxygen with
air
lungs are made of
microscope sacs called alveoli
how many alveoli per lung?
480 million
___ enters blood from air
____ leaves blood into air
Oxygen; CO2
negative pressure breathing
pressure in cavity surrounding lungs is lower
lowering pressure:
*Increases space in thoracic cavity
*Diaphragm contraction lowers bottom of cavity
*Rib intercostal contraction pushes out front of cavity
emptying alveoli is active or passive
passive
increasing pressure:
*Relaxed diaphragm moves back up
*Relaxed intercostal muscles allow ribs to fall back down
oxygen in blood is hard to measure, but…
CO2 is easy to measure since it makes blood more acidic
lower pH blood:
-more CO2 being created, not enough O2
-increase breathing rate raises O2 and lowers CO2
higher pH blood:
less CO2 being created, enough O2
-decrease breathing to save energy
guessing wrong amount of O2 in blood
Increases release of CO2 from blood but does not increases O2 levels in blood since blood is already saturated when resting. body thinks it has more oxygen than It does
red blood cells are specialized to
carry oxygen
specialized molecules carry oxygen bound to metal atoms: iron and blue.
iron: red blood
copper: blue blood
___ carries O2 in vertebrates
hemoglobin
hemoglobin components
protein made of 4 units, each contain 1 iron atom
oxygen disassociation
% of O2 that unbinds from hemoglobin
bohr shift:
pH affects hemoglobin disassociation
low pH affect on hemoglobin disassociation?
Low pH increases disassociation and MORE oxygen is released
(Lower pH is found where more Co2 is being produced (where oxygen is needed most)
types of immune systems
innate and adaptive
innate immunity is fast or slow
very rapid; “always on”
immune systems function…
whether it has seen the pathogen before or not
components of innate immune systems
barriers and generalized internal defense
innate immune systems to mucous membranes:
-pathogens get stuck and washed away
innate immune systems use chemical defenses:
-lysozyme breaks up bacterial cell walls
-acid in stomach digest pathogens
internal defenses for innate immune system includes:
Phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response
what do phagocytic cells do?
eat and digest invaders
types of phagocytic cells:
-neutrophils (go to infected tissues)
-macrophages (travel in blood/waits in organs)
-dendritic cells (sound the alarm)
-lymphatic system (carries liquid that bathes cells)
natural killer cells do what
scan animal’s own cells to detect abnormal surfaces proteins
then they release chemicals that kill infected/abnormal cells
antimicrobial proteins are produced when
a class of pathogens is recognized
what does inflammatory response do?
calls reinforcement to the infected area
complement system
inactive proteins in blood that activate when they run into microbes
inflammatory response: ___ and ____ promote blood flow to region
histamine and cytokines
histamine causes blood vessels to…
become more permeable so that plasma and white blood cells can easily leak into tissues
adaptive immunity
2nd line of defense to A SINGLE pathogen
adaptive immunity only works in..
pathogens it has seen before
lymphocytes:
type of white blood cell created in bone marrow
types of lymphocytes:
B cells (mature in bone marrow)
T cells (mature in thymus)
antigens
markers (protein) on viruses that B and T cells can recognize
antigen receptors
molecules on B and T cells that recognize antigens
antigens receptors only binds to…
1 specific antigen
effector cells are produced
AFTER an antigen receptor is matched to an antigen
effector B cells are AKA
plasma cells
what do effector B cells do?
matches most important bit on invader to stop its function
effector T cells are AKA
cytotoxic T cells
what do effector T cells do?
they eliminate animal cells with attacker inside
helper T cells function:
activate B and T cells to attack invader
what infects and destroys helper T cells?
HIV
memory cells
act as effector cells if pathogen ever appears again and immediately clone if pathogen is encountered again
primary immune response:
oB & T cells become active after first exposure to antigen
oPeak 10-17 days
secondary immune response
oAntigen is encountered again
oRapid response peaks in 2-7 days
oMuch greater magnitude
oOverwhelm infection before it gets out of control
oHuge advantage of adaptive immunity
oWhy you can only catch a disease once
immunization provides
antigens for the body to match
what activates secondary immune response?
booster shot
what causes autoimmune disease?
maturation of B or T cells does not work right
