ch. 1-3 Flashcards
emergent properties:
things you cannot predict by looking at pieces
reductionism
breaks complex systems down into parts
holism
Some things you cannot learn by looking at pieces; the whole is more than the sum of its parts
structure and ____ are closely connected
function
instruction for life is stored in
DNA
section of DNA is called
a gene
____ and passed between generations and interact to create physical traits
genes
energy creates ____ due to inefficiency
heat
levels of interactions in biology
atoms, molecules, cells, organs, organisms, ecosystems, landscapes
_____ explains unity and diversity
evolution
although life shares the same traits (DNA, Cells) there is diversity in…
the way you can arrange the cells
natural selection explains unity or diversity?
diversity
empirical evidence is based on
observations
sciences uses ________ to answer questions
empirical evidence
a hypothesis must be:
- testable
- falsifiable
hypothesis is used to make…
predictions
a hypothesis can be proven (T or F)
false: it can never be proven, only supported
controlled variable
kept the same in all parts of the study
how to make it easier to determine which variables are important?
control as many variables as possible
independent variable
what we change
dependent variable
what we measure (depends on how we change the IV)
experimental studies are conducted in ___ environments?
controlled
control group
subjects are not exposed to experimental treatment
experimental group
everything is same as control except experimental variable
scientific method
Observation – question – hypothesis- prediction – experiment – analyze – either report or redo
scientific theory
well supported idea of how the natural world works
can we prove a theory wrong?
no
a theory must be
falsifiable
weight of protons and neutrons
1 amu
atomic number is the number of
protons
isotopes have the same number of ____ but different _____
protons, neutrons
higher orbitals =
higher energy
atoms want to have a full….
valence shell
electrons ___ energy when moving away from the nucleus and ____ energy while moving toward the nucleus
gain, lose
electrons can gain/lose a fixed amount of energy; the minimum fixed amount is called a ______.
quantum
ionic bonds involve the ____ of electrons
transfer
in ionic bonds, are atoms physically bonded?
no
ionic compounds are AKA
salts
covalent bonds involve the ___ of electrons
sharing
in covalent bonds, are atoms physically bonded?
yes
in a double bond, how many electrons are shared ?
4
chemical reactions happen when
we change bonds (add, remove, change)
chemical equilibrium
reactions to products is same rate as products to reactants
why do bonds matter?
they store energy
electronegativity
how hard atoms pull electrons
polar covalent bonds have…
Partial (-) on strong EN
Partial (+) on weak EN
hydrogen bonds are permanent or temporary?
temporary
how does a hydrogen bond work in a water molecule?
the partial + on hydrogen is attracted to the partial - on oxygen
emergent properties of water: cohesion
h20 molecules stick together since they are attracted to eachother
emergent properties of water: adhesion
water clings to other things (capillary action)
higher heat =
higher molecule movement
calorie (lowercase)
energy to raise 1g of water 1 degree celsius warmer
emergent properties of water: specific heat
water has a high specific heat since hydrogen bonds resist movement of water molecules
specific heat
amount of energy gained/lost by a molecule to change 1g by 1 degree celsius
emergent properties of water: heat of vaporization
water has a high heat of vaporization since hydrogen bonds and surface tension make it hard fo water to escape
what does water do when it evaporates?
carries away heat
heat of vaporization
heat needed to evaporate 1g of liquid
emergent properties of water: floating ice
ice is less dense than liquid water since hydrogen bonds push water molecules apart as they freeze
emergent properties of water: water is a good solvent
the partial charges in water makes it easy to connect to other things with partial charges
hydrophilic
dissolves in water and easily interacts with other hydrophillic compounds
hydrophobic
does not dissolve in water; no charges; interacts with other hydrophobic compounds
pH measures the presence of ___ ions
H+
a change of 1 pH unit =
10x change in acidity
pH buffers
reduces change in pH
