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bio 141 Q1 > ch. 4-5 > Flashcards

ch. 4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 reasons why carbon is flexible (which allows for diverse molecules)

A

-carbon bonds: 4 valence electrons, so it can form 4 bonds
-not strongly EN
-bonds are at a max distance at 109.5

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2
Q

carbon often pairs with

A

H, N, O

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3
Q

isomers

A

molecules with the same atoms but different arrangement of atoms and electrons

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4
Q

structural isomer

A

-covalent bonds in dif locations
-molecule is dif shape

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5
Q

geometric isomer

A

-occurs near a double bond: double bond prevents it from being able to rotate along the axis

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6
Q

trans isomer configuration

A

-important groups are on OPPOSITE sides of the double bond
-chain is straight

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7
Q

cis isomer configuration

A

-important groups are on the SAME side of double bond
-chain is bent

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8
Q

enantiomers

A

differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in 2 molecules that are mirror images.

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9
Q

most important chemical groups?

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfyhdryl, phosphate, methyl

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10
Q

what do functional groups (R Groups) do?

A

attach to carbon chains and have specific properties; directly involved in reactions

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11
Q

what is a macromolecule

A

polymer built from a monomer

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12
Q

what is a macromolecule

A

polymer built from a monomer

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13
Q

macromolecules contain…

A

billions of pieces which each contain many atoms

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14
Q

two ways of changing polymer length

A

dehydration reaction and hydrolysis reaction

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15
Q

dehydration reaction

A

-two molecules are covalently bonded together with the loss of a water molecule
-increases length

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16
Q

polymers are disassembled to monomers by…

A

hydrolysis

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17
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

-bond between monomers is broken by the addition of water
-decreases length

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18
Q

most important macromolecules in all living things:

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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19
Q

most important macromolecules in all living things:

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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20
Q

carbohydrates? hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic (dissolve in water)

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21
Q

monosaccaride

A

sugar monomer

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22
Q

monosaccharide differences: chain lengths can vary

A

triose: 3 carbons
pentose: 5 carbons
hexose: 6 carbons

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23
Q

monosaccharide differences: placement of carbonyl group

A

-end of carbon skeleton: aldose
-within carbon skeleton: ketose

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23
Q

monosaccharide differences: placement of carbonyl group

A

-end of carbon skeleton: aldose
-within carbon skeleton: ketose

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24
monosaccharide isomers ?
same atoms, different arrangements
25
hydroxyl down
alpha
26
hydroxyl up
beta
27
disaccharide
2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
28
3 main disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, and maltose
29
sucrose =
glucose + fructose
30
lactose =
glucose + galactose
31
maltose =
glucose + glucose
32
polymers with hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
polysaccharide
33
storage polysaccharides: glucose is stored in animals as
glycogen
34
storage polysaccharides: glucose is stored in plants as
starch
35
starch is composed of two types of polysaccharides:
-amylose (unbranched) -amylopectin (branched)
36
which is more branched, glycogen or amylopectin?
glycogen
37
structural polysaccharides: cellulose
tough walls that enclose plant cells; glucose monomers are in beta configuration, which animals cannot digest
38
chitin is ___ glucose
beta
39
structural polysaccharides: used in arthropod exoskeletons
chitin
40
animals cannot digest ___ glucose
beta
41
important polysaccharides
starch (amylose and amylopectin), glycogen, and cellulose and chitin
42
lipids are hydrophilic or phobic
hydrophobic
43
purpose of fats
long term energy storage
44
a glycerol head can hold up to 3...
fatty acids
45
fatty acids attached to glycerol via
dehydration reaction
46
saturated fats are saturated with
max amount of single bonds or hydrogens
47
saturated fat structure
long, straight, easily pack together
48
____ fats are solid at room temp
saturated
49
unsaturated fats may have ___ bonds
some double bonds
50
why do unsaturated fats not pack together tightly?
the double bond forms a bend
51
trans fats have some ____ but....
double bonds; similar in other ways to saturated fats
52
what kind of fats are not common in nature
transfats
53
phospholipids attach to
glycerol
54
phospholipids contain
2 fatty acid tails (fatty acid tails are hydrophobic) and 1 phosphate (phosphate is hydrophilic because of it’s partial charges)
55
the duality of phospholipids (partially hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic) results in
a double layer in water called the phospholipid bilayer
56
proteins are chains of
amino acid monomers
57
amino acid monomer contains
amino group, carboxyl group, side chain/R group
58
amino acid polymer
Amino and carboxyl can bond via a dehydration reaction (called a peptide bond)
59
polypeptide
polymer of amino acids
60
there are ___ common amino acids
20
61
in amino acids, __ is the same, the ___ varies
base; r group
62
R group properties (amino acids)
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic (partial charge) Can form hydrogen bonds and sulfur bonds
63
primary structure (protein structure)
* Linear chain of amino acids * Number of amino acids * Order of amino acids
64
secondary structure (protein structure)
* Hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups (not between R groups) * Stabilizes regions * Alpha helix: spiral structure * Beta pleated sheet: wide accordion folds
65
tertiary structure (protein structure)
* R groups along dif parts the chain interact o Charges attract/repel o Hydrophobic group together o Hydrogen bonds form o Sulfur bonds form * Interactions fold chain into complex shape
66
quarternary structure
* Multiple polypeptide subunits interact * Only occurs in some proteins
67
the function of nucleic acids
carry information
68
long term storage
DNA
69
short term instructions
RNA
70
pyrimidines have ___ carbone rings:
1: C, T, U
71
purines have ___ carbon rings
2: A, G
72
how are nucleic acid polymers formed
Dehydration reaction connects phosphate and sugar and creates sugar-phosphate backbone (coils into a helix)
73
the 5' end of the nucleic acid polymer has
phosphate
74
A, T and U form how many bonds
2 bonds
75
G and C form how many bonds?
3 bonds
76
phospholipids attach to
glycerol
77
glycosidic linkage
covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
78
fats are composed of
glycerol and fatty acids
79
fats are composed of
glycerol and fatty acids
80
important lips
fats, phospholipids, and steroids
81
important lips
fats, phospholipids, and steroids
81
fats are composed of
glycerol and fatty acids

bio 141 Q1 (22 decks)

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