animals and energy use

Question 1

levels of organization

Answer 1

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Question 2

cells are grouped into

Answer 2

tissues

Question 3

types of tissues

Answer 3

epithelia, connective, muscle, and nervous

Question 4

epithelial tissues

Answer 4

barrier and exchange with environment (external and internal)

Question 5

connective tissues

Answer 5

connects things together

Question 6

why are connective cells widely separated?

Answer 6

they have lots of extracellular matrix (material excreted by cells (jelly and fibrous))

Question 7

loose connective tissue

Answer 7

holds organs in place

Question 8

fibrous connective tissue

Answer 8

functions as cables

Question 9

cartilage is a type of …. that…

Answer 9

connective tissue; strong and flexible support

Question 10

bone is a type of … that…

Answer 10

connective tissue; support and movement

Question 11

adipose is a type of … that…

Answer 11

connective tissue, energy storage (fat)

Question 12

blood is a type of … that…

Answer 12

connective tissue; connects entire body

Question 13

muscle tissue:

Answer 13

responsible for movement, internal and external (built of actin and myosin filaments)

Question 14

types of muscle tissue

Answer 14

oSkeletal muscle: enable body movement (CONSCIOUS)
oSmooth muscle: internal organ movement (UNCONSCIOUS)
oCardiac muscle: walls of the heart (UNCONSCIOUS)

Question 15

nervous tissue:

Answer 15

carries electrical signals

Question 16

nervous tissue is made of

Answer 16

oNeurons: transmit nerve impulses
oGlial cells: support and nourish neurons

Question 17

organs are made of

Answer 17

several types of tissues that work together for a common function

Question 18

regulating an internal variable

Answer 18

controls an internal variable no matter what is happening in the environment

Question 19

conforming an internal environment

Answer 19

-Internal variable changes based on environment
-Less disruptive if environment does not change much

Question 20

Homeostasis: negative feedback

Answer 20

Keeps things the same
Process that undo change
 Process turns itself off (like a thermostat when the temp is right)
Very useful in homeostasis

Question 21

Homeostasis: positive feedback

Answer 21

Changes things quickly
Not used in homeostasis

Question 22

Homeostasis: thermoregulation

Answer 22

 Controlling body temperature
Endothermic organisms generate most heat internally from metabolism
 Ectothermic organisms absorb most heat from environment

Question 23

advantage of endotherms

Answer 23

stable internal temp

Question 24

disadvantage of endotherms

Answer 24

require a lot of energy

Question 25

advantage of ectotherms

Answer 25

very efficient (requires less energy and food)

Question 26

disadvantage of ectotherms

Answer 26

temperature extremes cause problems

Question 27

thermoregulation: insulation

Answer 27

reduces flow of heat (coming in and going out) with environment

Question 28

thermoregulation: circulatory adaptations

Answer 28

Control amount of blood near body surface -Increase blood flow to dump body heat -Decrease blood flow to conserve body heat

Question 29

thermoregulation: evaporation

Answer 29

Water absorbs lots of heat when it evaporates

Question 30

thermoregulation: behavioral changes

Answer 30

oWarm or cool body by changing location/position oDone both endotherms and ectotherms oSocial organisms cluster together for warmth oOrganisms seek out sun/shade oOrganisms hibernate during cold temperatures

Question 31

thermoregulation: adjust metabolism

Answer 31

oMovement generates heat oShivering increases movement and produces heat oInsects move wings muscles to generate heat before take off oUse significant amounts of energy

Question 32

metabolic rate

Answer 32

total energy used in a given amount of time

Question 33

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 33

minimum energy use required to stay alive

Question 34

endotherms use addition energy to make

Answer 34

heat

Question 35

metabolic rate is proportional to mass

Answer 35

Bigger organisms have higher metabolism since larger size requires more energy

Question 36

Metabolism per UNIT mass

Answer 36

*Smaller animals use more energy per unit mass oRequire more oxygen oFaster breathing and heart rate *Smaller animals must eat more food for their size oSome shrews must eat almost constantly

Question 37

Torpor

Answer 37

decreased activity and metabolism to conserve energy

Question 38

Complete digestive tract

Answer 38

-tube that extends through an organism Has 2 openings Tube is continuous with outside of body

Question 39

Extracellular digestion

Answer 39

Digestive enzymes can be excreted into the tube without harming the animal

Question 40

food processing

Answer 40

Ingestion: food taken into body Digestion: breaking down food Absorption: nutrients are taken into cells Elimination: get rid of non-absorbed materials

Question 41

Digestive organs are arranged along the

Answer 41

alimentary canal

Question 42

order of digestive organs

Answer 42

mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Question 43

mouth: salivary glands

Answer 43

-release saliva oChemical digestion oAmylase in saliva cuts starch and glycogen chains into smaller pieces oMucous in saliva makes food easier to swallow *Food is clumped into a bolus

Question 44

stomach: secretes...

Answer 44

digestive juice (pepsinogen: inactive protein digesting enzyme)

Question 45

digestive juice: acid starts conversion of

Answer 45

pepsinogen into active pepsin which coverts more oeosinogen

Question 46

where does protein digestion begin?

Answer 46

stomach

Question 47

the acids in the stomach ___ proteins

Answer 47

denature

Question 48

in the ____, acid is neutralized with ____

Answer 48

small intestine; bicarbonate

Question 49

digestive enzymes excreted into small intestine (4)

Answer 49

-Amylase: continues starch and glycogen breakdown -Trypsin and chymotrypsin: continue protein breakdown -Nucleases: begin DNA and RNA digestion -Lipase: breaks down fat

Question 50

the liver releases _____ stored in the _____

Answer 50

bile; gallbladder

Question 51

increased surface area of cell leads to

Answer 51

fast nutrient absorption

Question 52

large intestine is made of

Answer 52

cecum and colon

Question 53

cecum:

Answer 53

POUCH with bacteria (it is larger in herbivores)

Question 54

colon:

Answer 54

reabsorbs most remaining water (or we would have to drink tons everyday)

Question 55

what makes gas?

Answer 55

when bacteria breaks down (indigestible) food for energy

Question 56

*Body must obtain energy & molecules from

Answer 56

from food

Question 57

food is broken down by steps in different

Answer 57

organs

Question 58

enzymes take apart large molecules in

Answer 58

food

Question 59

smalle intestine absorbs

Answer 59

nutrients

Question 60

water used in the process is

Answer 60

reabsorbed

Question 61

unused food is

Answer 61

expelled