animals and energy use Flashcards
levels of organization
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
cells are grouped into
tissues
types of tissues
epithelia, connective, muscle, and nervous
epithelial tissues
barrier and exchange with environment (external and internal)
connective tissues
connects things together
why are connective cells widely separated?
they have lots of extracellular matrix (material excreted by cells (jelly and fibrous))
loose connective tissue
holds organs in place
fibrous connective tissue
functions as cables
cartilage is a type of …. that…
connective tissue; strong and flexible support
bone is a type of … that…
connective tissue; support and movement
adipose is a type of … that…
connective tissue, energy storage (fat)
blood is a type of … that…
connective tissue; connects entire body
muscle tissue:
responsible for movement, internal and external (built of actin and myosin filaments)
types of muscle tissue
oSkeletal muscle: enable body movement (CONSCIOUS)
oSmooth muscle: internal organ movement (UNCONSCIOUS)
oCardiac muscle: walls of the heart (UNCONSCIOUS)
nervous tissue:
carries electrical signals
nervous tissue is made of
oNeurons: transmit nerve impulses
oGlial cells: support and nourish neurons
organs are made of
several types of tissues that work together for a common function
regulating an internal variable
controls an internal variable no matter what is happening in the environment
conforming an internal environment
-Internal variable changes based on environment
-Less disruptive if environment does not change much
Homeostasis: negative feedback
Keeps things the same
Process that undo change
Process turns itself off (like a thermostat when the temp is right)
Very useful in homeostasis
Homeostasis: positive feedback
Changes things quickly
Not used in homeostasis
Homeostasis: thermoregulation
Controlling body temperature
Endothermic organisms generate most heat internally from metabolism
Ectothermic organisms absorb most heat from environment
advantage of endotherms
stable internal temp
disadvantage of endotherms
require a lot of energy
advantage of ectotherms
very efficient (requires less energy and food)
disadvantage of ectotherms
temperature extremes cause problems
thermoregulation: insulation
reduces flow of heat (coming in and going out) with environment
thermoregulation: circulatory adaptations
Control amount of blood near body surface
-Increase blood flow to dump body heat
-Decrease blood flow to conserve body heat
thermoregulation: evaporation
Water absorbs lots of heat when it evaporates
thermoregulation: behavioral changes
oWarm or cool body by changing location/position
oDone both endotherms and ectotherms
oSocial organisms cluster together for warmth
oOrganisms seek out sun/shade
oOrganisms hibernate during cold temperatures
thermoregulation: adjust metabolism
oMovement generates heat
oShivering increases movement and produces heat
oInsects move wings muscles to generate heat before take off
oUse significant amounts of energy
metabolic rate
total energy used in a given amount of time
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
minimum energy use required to stay alive
endotherms use addition energy to make
heat
metabolic rate is proportional to mass
Bigger organisms have higher metabolism since larger size requires more energy
Metabolism per UNIT mass
*Smaller animals use more energy per unit mass
oRequire more oxygen
oFaster breathing and heart rate
*Smaller animals must eat more food for their size
oSome shrews must eat almost constantly
Torpor
decreased activity and metabolism to conserve energy
Complete digestive tract
-tube that extends through an organism
Has 2 openings
Tube is continuous with outside of body
Extracellular digestion
Digestive enzymes can be excreted into the tube without harming the animal
food processing
Ingestion: food taken into body
Digestion: breaking down food
Absorption: nutrients are taken into cells
Elimination: get rid of non-absorbed materials
Digestive organs are arranged along the
alimentary canal
order of digestive organs
mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
mouth: salivary glands
-release saliva
oChemical digestion
oAmylase in saliva cuts starch and glycogen chains into smaller pieces
oMucous in saliva makes food easier to swallow
*Food is clumped into a bolus
stomach: secretes…
digestive juice (pepsinogen: inactive protein digesting enzyme)
digestive juice: acid starts conversion of
pepsinogen into active pepsin which coverts more oeosinogen
where does protein digestion begin?
stomach
the acids in the stomach ___ proteins
denature
in the ____, acid is neutralized with ____
small intestine; bicarbonate
digestive enzymes excreted into small intestine (4)
-Amylase: continues starch and glycogen breakdown
-Trypsin and chymotrypsin: continue protein breakdown
-Nucleases: begin DNA and RNA digestion
-Lipase: breaks down fat
the liver releases _____ stored in the _____
bile; gallbladder
increased surface area of cell leads to
fast nutrient absorption
large intestine is made of
cecum and colon
cecum:
POUCH with bacteria (it is larger in herbivores)
colon:
reabsorbs most remaining water (or we would have to drink tons everyday)
what makes gas?
when bacteria breaks down (indigestible) food for energy
*Body must obtain energy & molecules from
from food
food is broken down by steps in different
organs
enzymes take apart large molecules in
food
smalle intestine absorbs
nutrients
water used in the process is
reabsorbed
unused food is
expelled
