eukaryotic cells Flashcards
nucleus stores
DNA
DNA pieces called ______ carry instructions for running the cell, called ______.
chromosomes; genes
the nucleolus produces
ribosomes
ribosomes use instructions from the nucleus to produce
proteins
where do ribosomes function?
cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth ER functions to…
-create lipids
-break down carbs
-detoxify things
-store calcium
rough ER is where ribosomes…
make proteins
vesicles are sacs of membrane used for
storage (proteins) and transport
golgi apparatus acts like a …
shipping center
cis face of golgi apparatus
receives transport vesicles
trans face of golgi apparatus
creates transport vehicles
lysosomes breaks and recycles…
proteins
what do lysosomes use to break down protein?
hydrolysis
what prevents lysosomes from destroying ALL proteins in the cell?
Lysosomes have acidic internal environment and can only break down proteins in acid, so if they break out into the rest of the cell, they will not work.
vacuole
large vesicle that stores things
how do mitochondria make energy?
they convert macromolecules into ATP
mitochondria have their own….
DNA (from mom)
how do chloroplasts (in plants) generate energy?
collect energy from sun and turn it into ATP
third membrane of chloroplast is called
thylakoid (where ATP is made)
grana
stack of thylakoids
stroma
fluid outside thylakoids
peroxisome function to take H away from something and give it to an ___ molecule to make _____
O2, H2O2
thickest cytoskeleton element
microtubules
cilia are (long/short) with (sweeping/fish) movements
short; sweeping
flagella are (long/short) with (sweeping/fish) movements
long; fish
thinnest cytoskeleton element
microfilament (actin)
in plants, cell walls are composed of
cellulose
in fungi, cell walls are composed of
chitin
tight junction: plant, animal?
animal
tight junction function
tightly connect membranes making it hard for fluid to pass between cells
gap junctions (animal) are formed by
proteins called connexons
which junction chemically connects cells?
gap junctions
membrane proteins are ___% of the molecule, but __% of the weight
2; 50
membrane protein functions
-transport hydrophilic molecules through membrane
-cell cell recognition (often carbohydrates as glycoproteins)
-cell adhesion
receptors
osmoregulation
control of ratio between water and solutes
