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GGE > Gametes - Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Gametes - Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ovaries the site of

A

Oocyte production

Hormonal production

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of mammalian reproductive patterns

A
  1. Induced ovulators - copulation induced oocyte release
  2. Cyclical ovulators - oestrus cycle is characterised by period of heat
  3. Menstrual cycle - menstrual bleeding, shedding of endometrium of uterus, in the absence of fertilisation
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3
Q

Diagram of egg maturation in the ovary

A
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4
Q

What is formed with the secondary follicle

A

fluid that bathes the oocyte - follicular fluid

Rich in nutrients and growth factors (not the same as blood)

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5
Q

Which is the largest follicle

A

Graafian follicle

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6
Q

What is the composition of the layer that surrounds the egg

A

Glycoprotein - stays there until 7 days after fertilisation when the embryo hatches out of zona pellucida (early embryonic loss due to premature hatching)

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7
Q

What is the oocyte released with

What is this an indicator of

A

Released with cumulus cells

Good indicator of healthy egg

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8
Q

What happens to the cells that remain

A

Enriched with lipid and cholesterol to form the CORPUS LUTEUM

  • remain there for 12 wks if pregnant
  • regress if not pregnant to form scar tissue
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9
Q

Ovarian follicle growth - primordial follicle

A

1st degree oocyte

1 layer pre-granulosa cells

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10
Q

Ovarian follicle growth - primary follicle

A

Enlarged 1st degree oocyte

Zona pellucida

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11
Q

Ovarian follicle growth - pre-antral follicle

A
  • Multiple layers of granulosa cells
    • Oestrogen, FSH and LH receptors
  • Differentiation of theca layers
    • Androgens and LH receptors
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12
Q

What do theca cells produce

A

androgens

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13
Q

Role of uterus in female reproduction

A
  • Myometrium forms part of the endometrium
  • Endometrium
    • Site of implantation
    • Hormonally controlled development
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14
Q

Ovarian follicle growth - antral follicle (antrum formed)

A

Multiple layers of granulosa cells

2 thecal layers - externa & interna

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15
Q

What role doe the oviduct/fallopian tube play in female reproduction

A

It is a muscular wall ciliated (propels egg towards sperm) epithelium that is responsible for:

  • Oocyte collection and oocyte/sperm transport
  • Site of fertilisation
  • Early embryonic development (1st 3 days)
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16
Q

Define placenta pravea

A

As the foetus enlarges, it can block the birth canal

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17
Q

What will happen to the vast majority (99%) of immature oocytes (formed in foetus)

A

They will degenerate - atresia

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18
Q

Name the shadow seen in this image

A

Zona pellucida

1st polar body is seen

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19
Q

Overview of oogenesis

A
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20
Q

Follicular/proliferative phase of cycle

A
  • 1-14
  • Follicle changes - FSH action @ day 5
    • Follicle growth and development begins
  • Oestrogen secretion dominates

UTERINE CHANGES

Days 1-5 - absence of fertilisation endometrium shedding

Days 5-14 - increase in endometrial glands & BVs

** under influence of increased oestrogens

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21
Q

Follicular growth and development

A
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22
Q

What are the changes to the oocyte in the follicular phase of the cycle (day 1-14)

A
  • 1-13: primary oocyte arrested @ prophase I
  • 14, just before ovulation:
    • Primary oocyte completes meiosis I
    • Secondary oocyte and 1st polar body

OVULATION

  • LH action
  • 14: graafian follicle ruptures
  • Release of secondary oocyte - picked up // fimbria
  • Propelled up fallopian tube
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23
Q

What substance tells your body that you’re pregnant

A

Interferon tau

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24
Q

What is formed in the luteal/secretory phase (days 15-28)

What are the uterine changes

A

CORPUS LUTEUM FORMATION

  • Site of ovulation: follicle collapses and granulosa cells luteinise
  • Corpus luteum: progesterone secretion rises, increase in steroid producing tissue (ug -> mg) - production is by the cells that remain and are filled with lipid and cholesterol, then comes from placenta

UTERINE CHANGES

  • Progesterone action increases secretion in uterine glands
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25
Q

What is the fate of the oocyte & uterine changes in the luteal phase (days 15-28)

A

FATE OF OOCYTE

  • Fertilisation: in fallopian tube
    • oocyte activated - meiosis II - 2nd polar body
    • Fertilised ovum develops zygote
  • No fertilisation:
    • Degeneration of secondary oocyte

UTERINE CHANGES

  • Fertilisation:
    • CL maintained until placenta functioning @ 12 weeks
  • No fertilisation:
    • CL regression - menstrual bleeding
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26
Q

HPO Axis - follicular vs luteal phase

A
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27
Q

What is LH responsible for

A

Ovulation

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28
Q

Define leutinisation

A

Mature ovarian follicle is infiltrated with lipid and cholesterol, becomes yellow and corpus luteum is formed

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29
Q

What does the corpus luteum (formed in leutinisation) produce

A

Progesterone at high levels

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30
Q

Changes in

  • GnRH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Oestrogen
  • Inhibin
  • Progesterone

during the ovarian cycle

A
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31
Q

What unique property does progesterone have

A

It is thermogenic

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32
Q

What does inhibin inhibit

A

FSH alone

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33
Q

Relationship between oestrogen (from follicle) and GnRH

A

Oestrogen increases GnRH

34
Q

Oestrogen and LH surge in ovarian cycle

A
35
Q

What are the hypothalamic hormones

Describe the functions of the hormones

A

GnRH

Stimulates production of FSH and LH

36
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones

Describe the functions of the hormones

A

FSH - promote androgen and oestrogen production

LH - promote androgen and oestrogen production

37
Q

what are the ovarian hormones

Describe the functions of these hormones

A

Oestrogen predominates in follicular phase

Progesterone predominates in luteal phase

inhibin/activin regulates FSH secretion

38
Q

FSH’s role in follicle growth

A

Essential from PRE-ANTRAL stage

Primordial -> antral happens without FSH

39
Q

FSH’s role in oestrogen levels

A

2 CELL THEORY

With LH, it increases oestrogen secretion

Stimulate aromatase activity in granulosa cells

Converts androgens to oestrogen

40
Q

FSH’s role in altering LH activity

A

Increases LH receptors on ovary tissue

The granulosa cells of dominant follicle sensitise ovarian cells to LH action

41
Q

2-cell-2-gonadotropin theory

A
42
Q

What are the regulatory mechanisms of androgen production by theca cells

A
43
Q

What is a possible cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

Metabolic problems

=> body fat, glucose etc affect reproduction

44
Q

LH’s role in ovulation

A

RUPTURE OF DOMINANT FOLLICLE

  • Increased prostaglandin secretion
  • Increased progesterone secretion
  • Increased enzyme activity
45
Q

Lh’s role in oestrogen secretion

A

On theca cells, there is in an increase in androgen levels indirectly caused by the increase in oestrogen secretion

46
Q

What hormone helps in formation of corpus luteum

Describe the change in cells

What does the corpus luteum secrete

A

LH

Granulosa cells become luteal cells

Secrete progesterone

47
Q

What effect does LH have on the oocyte

A

Resumption of meiosis

48
Q

Effect of LH on blood flow

A

Increased ovarian blood flow

90% to corpus luteum (via prostaglandin)

49
Q

5 functions of LH

A
  1. Ovulation
  2. Oestrogen secretion
  3. Corpus luteum formation
  4. Stimulates resumption of meiosis in oocyte
  5. Increased ovarian blood flow
50
Q

Consequences of LH surge

A
51
Q

What happens at ovulation

A
52
Q

How are oestrogen and progesterone formed

A
53
Q

Name the 3 different types of oestrogens

A

17 β-oestradiol

Oestrone

Oestriol

54
Q

How are oestrogens transported

A

In the blood, bound to

  • Specific Sex Steroid Binding Globulin (SSBG)
  • Albumin
55
Q

Serum conc of D1

A

2-8 μg/100ml

56
Q

Serum conc of D14

A

12-48 μg/100ml

57
Q

Serum conc of D21

A

9-30 μg/100ml

58
Q

What sort of steroid is oestradiol

A

C-18 steroid

59
Q

How does oestrogen production vary in women throughout their life

A
60
Q

Effect of oestrogen on foetal development

A

Helps in formation of uterus, oviduct, cervix, vagina

61
Q

Effect of oestrogen on the endometrium during the follicular phase

A

Increased number and size of endometrial glands

Increased blood vessel growth (Angiogenesis)

Increased progesterone receptors

62
Q

Effect of oestrogen on uterine smooth-muscle

A

Increased contractility aids in sperm transport

63
Q

effect of oestrogen and cervical mucus

A

Makes it aqueous and alkaline which facilitates sperm transport

64
Q

4 uterine and ovarian effects of oestrogens

A
  1. Fetal development
  2. Changes in endometrium during the follicular phase
  3. contractility of uterine smooth-muscle
  4. cervical mucus
65
Q

Other effects of oestrogens

A
  • Female appearance - hair distribution & fat deposition
  • Salt and water retention via increased Ang (activating RAS)
  • Growth of ducts in breast tissue
  • Bone conservation
  • Lipoproteins - increased HDL, Decreased LDL and vLDL
  • Gonadotrophins:
    • +ve feedback in the follicular phase
    • -ve feedback in luteal phase
66
Q

Oestrogens and gonadotrophins

A

Positive feedback - follicular phase

Negative feedback - luteal phase

67
Q

Changes in lipoproteins due to oestrogens

A

Increased HDL

Decreased LDL

Decreased vLDL

68
Q

Synthesis of progesterone

A

Cholesterol → Pregnenalone → Progesterone

69
Q

What are the sites of synthesis of progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

Placenta

70
Q

Rate of secretion of progesterone during the follicular phase

A

5 mg/day

71
Q

Rate of secretion of progesterone mid-luteal phase

A

32 mg/day

From the CORPUS LUTEUM

72
Q

Rate of secretion of progesterone during the last trimester

A

300 mg/day

From PLACENTA

73
Q

4 Uterine and ovarian effects of progesterone

A
  1. Endometrium - luteal phase
  2. Uterine smooth muscle
  3. Cervical mucus
  4. Embryo survival
74
Q

Effect of progesterone on the endometrium (luteal phase)

A

Differentiation of endometrium into scretory glands

75
Q

Effect of progesterone on uterine smooth muscle

A

Decreased contractility

76
Q

Effect of progesterone on cervical mucus

A

Thickened and acidic - contains glycogen

Hinders sperm entry - provides energy to developing embryo

77
Q

Effect of progesterone on embryo survival

A

Enhances the chances of embryo survival

78
Q

Name 4 other effects of progesterone

A
  1. Breast tissue - increases alveolar tissue
  2. Thermogenic - increases body temp by 0.2-0.5 degrees C
  3. Increases resp rate
  4. Decreases both LH and FSH (both GONADOTROPHINS) secretion at high conc
79
Q

Production rate of sex steroids in women at different stages of the menstrual cycle

A
80
Q

MCQ

A
81
Q

Benefits of ovarian tissue cryopreservation

A

Ovarian stimulation not performed

Acquire hundreds of immature oocytes

Less delay in commencement of cancer treatment

82
Q

Concerns with ovarian tissue cryopreservation

A

Reimplantation - risk of recurrence

How to develope the immature oocytes

  • need lots of O2 but too much results in ROS

GGE (33 decks)

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