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Gametes - Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ovaries the site of

A

Oocyte production

Hormonal production

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of mammalian reproductive patterns

A
  1. Induced ovulators - copulation induced oocyte release
  2. Cyclical ovulators - oestrus cycle is characterised by period of heat
  3. Menstrual cycle - menstrual bleeding, shedding of endometrium of uterus, in the absence of fertilisation
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3
Q

Diagram of egg maturation in the ovary

A
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4
Q

What is formed with the secondary follicle

A

fluid that bathes the oocyte - follicular fluid

Rich in nutrients and growth factors (not the same as blood)

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5
Q

Which is the largest follicle

A

Graafian follicle

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6
Q

What is the composition of the layer that surrounds the egg

A

Glycoprotein - stays there until 7 days after fertilisation when the embryo hatches out of zona pellucida (early embryonic loss due to premature hatching)

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7
Q

What is the oocyte released with

What is this an indicator of

A

Released with cumulus cells

Good indicator of healthy egg

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8
Q

What happens to the cells that remain

A

Enriched with lipid and cholesterol to form the CORPUS LUTEUM

  • remain there for 12 wks if pregnant
  • regress if not pregnant to form scar tissue
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9
Q

Ovarian follicle growth - primordial follicle

A

1st degree oocyte

1 layer pre-granulosa cells

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10
Q

Ovarian follicle growth - primary follicle

A

Enlarged 1st degree oocyte

Zona pellucida

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11
Q

Ovarian follicle growth - pre-antral follicle

A
  • Multiple layers of granulosa cells
    • Oestrogen, FSH and LH receptors
  • Differentiation of theca layers
    • Androgens and LH receptors
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12
Q

What do theca cells produce

A

androgens

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13
Q

Role of uterus in female reproduction

A
  • Myometrium forms part of the endometrium
  • Endometrium
    • Site of implantation
    • Hormonally controlled development
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14
Q

Ovarian follicle growth - antral follicle (antrum formed)

A

Multiple layers of granulosa cells

2 thecal layers - externa & interna

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15
Q

What role doe the oviduct/fallopian tube play in female reproduction

A

It is a muscular wall ciliated (propels egg towards sperm) epithelium that is responsible for:

  • Oocyte collection and oocyte/sperm transport
  • Site of fertilisation
  • Early embryonic development (1st 3 days)
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16
Q

Define placenta pravea

A

As the foetus enlarges, it can block the birth canal

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17
Q

What will happen to the vast majority (99%) of immature oocytes (formed in foetus)

A

They will degenerate - atresia

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18
Q

Name the shadow seen in this image

A

Zona pellucida

1st polar body is seen

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19
Q

Overview of oogenesis

A
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20
Q

Follicular/proliferative phase of cycle

A
  • 1-14
  • Follicle changes - FSH action @ day 5
    • Follicle growth and development begins
  • Oestrogen secretion dominates

UTERINE CHANGES

Days 1-5 - absence of fertilisation endometrium shedding

Days 5-14 - increase in endometrial glands & BVs

** under influence of increased oestrogens

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21
Q

Follicular growth and development

A
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22
Q

What are the changes to the oocyte in the follicular phase of the cycle (day 1-14)

A
  • 1-13: primary oocyte arrested @ prophase I
  • 14, just before ovulation:
    • Primary oocyte completes meiosis I
    • Secondary oocyte and 1st polar body

OVULATION

  • LH action
  • 14: graafian follicle ruptures
  • Release of secondary oocyte - picked up // fimbria
  • Propelled up fallopian tube
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23
Q

What substance tells your body that you’re pregnant

A

Interferon tau

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24
Q

What is formed in the luteal/secretory phase (days 15-28)

What are the uterine changes

A

CORPUS LUTEUM FORMATION

  • Site of ovulation: follicle collapses and granulosa cells luteinise
  • Corpus luteum: progesterone secretion rises, increase in steroid producing tissue (ug -> mg) - production is by the cells that remain and are filled with lipid and cholesterol, then comes from placenta

UTERINE CHANGES

  • Progesterone action increases secretion in uterine glands
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25
What is the fate of the oocyte & uterine changes in the luteal phase (days 15-28)
FATE OF OOCYTE * **_Fertilisation:_** in fallopian tube * oocyte activated - meiosis II - 2nd polar body * Fertilised ovum develops zygote * **_No fertilisation:_** * Degeneration of secondary oocyte UTERINE CHANGES * **_Fertilisation:_** * CL maintained until placenta functioning @ 12 weeks * **_No fertilisation:_** * CL regression - menstrual bleeding
26
HPO Axis - follicular vs luteal phase
27
What is LH responsible for
Ovulation
28
Define leutinisation
Mature ovarian follicle is infiltrated with lipid and cholesterol, becomes yellow and corpus luteum is formed
29
What does the corpus luteum (formed in leutinisation) produce
Progesterone at high levels
30
Changes in * GnRH * FSH * LH * Oestrogen * Inhibin * Progesterone during the ovarian cycle
31
What unique property does progesterone have
It is thermogenic
32
What does inhibin inhibit
FSH alone
33
Relationship between oestrogen (from follicle) and GnRH
Oestrogen increases GnRH
34
Oestrogen and LH surge in ovarian cycle
35
What are the hypothalamic hormones Describe the functions of the hormones
GnRH Stimulates production of FSH and LH
36
What are the anterior pituitary hormones Describe the functions of the hormones
FSH - promote androgen and oestrogen production LH - promote androgen and oestrogen production
37
what are the ovarian hormones Describe the functions of these hormones
**Oestrogen** predominates in follicular phase **Progesterone** predominates in luteal phase **inhibin/activin** regulates FSH secretion
38
FSH's role in follicle growth
Essential from **PRE-ANTRAL** stage Primordial -\> antral happens without FSH
39
FSH's role in oestrogen levels
2 CELL THEORY With LH, it increases oestrogen secretion Stimulate aromatase activity in granulosa cells Converts androgens to oestrogen
40
FSH's role in altering LH activity
Increases LH receptors on ovary tissue The granulosa cells of dominant follicle sensitise ovarian cells to LH action
41
2-cell-2-gonadotropin theory
42
What are the regulatory mechanisms of androgen production by theca cells
43
What is a possible cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome
Metabolic problems =\> body fat, glucose etc affect reproduction
44
LH's role in ovulation
RUPTURE OF DOMINANT FOLLICLE * Increased **prostaglandin** secretion * Increased **progesterone** secretion * Increased **enzyme** activity
45
Lh's role in oestrogen secretion
On theca cells, there is in an increase in androgen levels indirectly caused by the increase in oestrogen secretion
46
What hormone helps in formation of corpus luteum Describe the change in cells What does the corpus luteum secrete
LH Granulosa cells become luteal cells Secrete progesterone
47
What effect does LH have on the oocyte
Resumption of meiosis
48
Effect of LH on blood flow
Increased ovarian blood flow 90% to corpus luteum (via prostaglandin)
49
5 functions of LH
1. Ovulation 2. Oestrogen secretion 3. Corpus luteum formation 4. Stimulates resumption of meiosis in oocyte 5. Increased ovarian blood flow
50
Consequences of LH surge
51
What happens at ovulation
52
How are oestrogen and progesterone formed
53
Name the 3 different types of oestrogens
17 β-oestradiol Oestrone Oestriol
54
How are oestrogens transported
In the blood, bound to * Specific Sex Steroid Binding Globulin (SSBG) * Albumin
55
Serum conc of D1
2-8 μg/100ml
56
Serum conc of D14
12-48 μg/100ml
57
Serum conc of D21
9-30 μg/100ml
58
What sort of steroid is oestradiol
C-18 steroid
59
How does oestrogen production vary in women throughout their life
60
Effect of oestrogen on foetal development
Helps in formation of uterus, oviduct, cervix, vagina
61
Effect of oestrogen on the endometrium during the follicular phase
Increased number and size of endometrial glands Increased blood vessel growth (Angiogenesis) Increased progesterone receptors
62
Effect of oestrogen on uterine smooth-muscle
Increased contractility aids in sperm transport
63
effect of oestrogen and cervical mucus
Makes it aqueous and alkaline which facilitates sperm transport
64
4 uterine and ovarian effects of oestrogens
1. Fetal development 2. Changes in endometrium during the follicular phase 3. contractility of uterine smooth-muscle 4. cervical mucus
65
Other effects of oestrogens
* Female appearance - hair distribution & fat deposition * Salt and water retention via increased Ang (activating RAS) * Growth of ducts in breast tissue * Bone conservation * Lipoproteins - increased HDL, Decreased LDL and vLDL * Gonadotrophins: * +ve feedback in the follicular phase * -ve feedback in luteal phase
66
Oestrogens and gonadotrophins
Positive feedback - follicular phase Negative feedback - luteal phase
67
Changes in lipoproteins due to oestrogens
Increased HDL Decreased LDL Decreased vLDL
68
Synthesis of progesterone
Cholesterol → Pregnenalone → Progesterone
69
What are the sites of synthesis of progesterone
Corpus luteum Placenta
70
Rate of secretion of progesterone during the follicular phase
5 mg/day
71
Rate of secretion of progesterone mid-luteal phase
32 mg/day From the CORPUS LUTEUM
72
Rate of secretion of progesterone during the last trimester
300 mg/day From PLACENTA
73
4 Uterine and ovarian effects of progesterone
1. Endometrium - luteal phase 2. Uterine smooth muscle 3. Cervical mucus 4. Embryo survival
74
Effect of progesterone on the endometrium (luteal phase)
Differentiation of endometrium into scretory glands
75
Effect of progesterone on uterine smooth muscle
Decreased contractility
76
Effect of progesterone on cervical mucus
Thickened and acidic - contains **glycogen** Hinders sperm entry - provides energy to developing embryo
77
Effect of progesterone on embryo survival
Enhances the chances of embryo survival
78
Name 4 other effects of progesterone
1. **Breast tissue** - increases alveolar tissue 2. **Thermogenic** - increases body temp by 0.2-0.5 degrees C 3. Increases **resp** rate 4. Decreases both **LH** and **FSH** (both GONADOTROPHINS) secretion at high conc
79
Production rate of sex steroids in women at different stages of the menstrual cycle
80
MCQ
81
Benefits of ovarian tissue cryopreservation
Ovarian stimulation not performed Acquire hundreds of immature oocytes Less delay in commencement of cancer treatment
82
Concerns with ovarian tissue cryopreservation
Reimplantation - risk of recurrence How to develope the immature oocytes - need lots of O2 but too much results in ROS

GGE (33 decks)

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