מערכת השתן- GAL

Question 1

Bladder

Answer 1

Calcium Carbonate
 Type 1- Spiculated, soft
 Type 2- Smooth, Firm, Mg+Ph
 Sabulus type
 Males >> Females

Question 2

Diagnosis:

Answer 2

Clinical signs
Rectal exam
Cystoscopy

Question 3

גישה קלאסית Laparocystotomy

Answer 3

Caudal ventral midline incision
Incision over stone near apex of bladder
Good exposure, No fragmentation needed
Low recurrence rate

Question 4

Standing procedures in Females

Answer 4

Manual removal – Small calculi, small vet

Sphincterotomy + Urethrotomy
Cons: Small hand, Potential complications:
Urine Pooling, Scaring and obstruction
Pros: Avoids general anesthesia

Question 5

procedures in Males

Answer 5

Perineal Urethrotomy +
Lithotripsy – Lithotrite
Lithotripsy- LASER (Holmium:YAG)
Lithotripsy- Shock-wave
Distal Urethra- Direct App.

Question 6

Perineal Urethrotomy-

Answer 6

השלב הקריטי ב-PU הוא הכנסת הקטטר.

לרוב האבנים גדולות מדי מכדי שנוכל להוציא אותן בשלמותן- קודם כל צריך לשבור אותן בטכניקות שונות.

Question 7

Uroperitoneum - Ruptured Bladder

Answer 7

Foals : males>females
Clinical signs
Stranguria, depression, abdominal distension
Caudal ventral midline celiotomy for foals
Caudal ventral midline celiotomy in adults is difficult

Laparoscopy
 Stay sutures
 Transverse incision
 Inverting suture pattern
 Two layer closure
 Absorbable material

Question 8

Umbilical Infection

Answer 8

Neonates
Clinical signs
Febrile, secondary: joint infections, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, enterocolitis
Diagnosis
Blood work, secondary pathology, ultrasound
Different structures involved
Inaccurate terminology again…

Treatment:
 Conservative management
 Antibiotics
 Recent proof of success
 Surgical management: Cystoplasty- Umbilical resection
 Marsupialization - rarely needed