Fundamentals: Chapter 4

Question 1

What is a domain?

Answer 1

The perspective of a profession. It provides the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and central problems of a discipline.

Question 2

Explain the domain of nursing

Answer 2

It is the knowledge of nursing practice as well as the knowledge of nursing history, nursing theory, education, and research

Question 3

What is a paradigm?

Answer 3

A pattern of thought that is useful in describing the domain of a discipline. A paradigm links the knowledge of science, philosophy, and theories accepted and applied by the discipline.

Question 4

What are the 4 links in the nursing paradigm?

Answer 4

the person, health, environment/situation, and nursing

Question 5

Describe Person in the nursing paradigm

Answer 5

the recipient of nursing care, including individual patients, groups, families, and communities

Question 6

Describe Health in the nursing paradigm

Answer 6

different meanings for each patient, the clinical setting, and the health care profession

Question 7

Describe Environment/Situation in the nursing paradigm

Answer 7

all possible conditions affecting patients and the settings in which their health care needs occur.

Question 8

Describe Nursing in the the nursing paradigm

Answer 8

diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems

Question 9

What is the purpose of a theory?

Answer 9

A theory is a way of seeing through a “set of relatively concrete and specific concepts and the propositions that describe or link the concepts”

Question 10

How do nursing theories help a nurse provide better care?

Answer 10

They help to identify the focus, means, and goals of practice.

Question 11

What are the 3 components of a theory?

Answer 11

concepts, definitions, and assumptions or propositions that explain a phenomenon

Question 12

What is a phenomenon

Answer 12

The term, description, or label given to describe an idea or responses about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations

Question 13

Describe assumptions in a theory

Answer 13

The “taken-for-granted” statements that explain the nature of the concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory

Question 14

List the 4 types of nursing theories

Answer 14

Grand theories
Middle-range theories
Descriptive theories
Prescriptive theories

Question 15

What is the purpose of a Grand theory?

Answer 15

systematic and broad in scope, complex, and therefore require further specification through research

Question 16

What is the purpose of a Middle-range theory?

Answer 16

address a specific phenomenon and reflect practice

Question 17

What is the purpose of a Descriptive theory?

Answer 17

describe phenomena, speculate on why they occur, and describe their consequences. These theories explain, relate, and in some situations predict nursing phenomena

Question 18

What is the purpose of a Prescriptive theory?

Answer 18

address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, describe the conditions under which the prescription occurs, and predict the consequences.

action oriented and test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention

Question 19

What are the goals of Theory-Based Nursing Practice?

Answer 19

• Identify domain and goals of nursing.
• Provide knowledge to improve nursing administration, practice, education, and research.
• Guide research and expand the knowledge base of nursing.
• Identify research techniques and tools used to validate nursing interventions.
• Formulate legislation governing nursing practice, research, and education.
• Formulate regulations interpreting nurse practice acts.
• Develop curriculum plans for nursing education.
• Establish criteria for measuring quality of nursing care, education, and research.
• Guide development of a nursing care delivery system.
• Provide systematic structure and rationale for nursing activities.

Question 20

What is the difference between an open system and a closed system?

Answer 20

An open system interacts with the environment. Any change to the environment affects the open system as well. A closed system is not affected by changes in the environment.

Question 21

What is Neuman’s Systems Theory?

Answer 21

Defines a total-person model of wholism and an open-systems approach.

Question 22

What is the goal of the nursing process?

Answer 22

To organize and deliver patient-centered care

Question 23

What is Input in the nursing process?

Answer 23

The data or information that comes from a patient’s assessment

Question 24

What is Output in the nursing process?

Answer 24

Whether the patient’s health status improves, declines, or remains stable as a result of nursing care

Question 25

What is Feedback in the nursing process?

Answer 25

The outcomes reflect the patient’s responses to nursing interventions, responses from family members and consultation from other health care professionals

Question 26

What is Content in the nursing program?

Answer 26

The information about the nursing interventions for patients with specific health care problems.

Question 27

What is Maslow’s Heirarchy of needs? List the 5 levels beginning at the most basic.

Answer 27

An interdisciplinary theory that is useful for designating priorities of nursing care.

1. Physiological Needs
2. Safety and Security Needs
3. Love and Belonging Needs
4. Esteem and Self Esteem Needs
5. Self Actualization

Question 28

What is the purpose of Developmental theories?

Answer 28

describe and predict behavior and development at various phases of the life continuum

Question 29

What is the purpose of Psychosocial theories?

Answer 29

explain and/or predict physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual needs of patients

Question 30

Describe Nightingale’s Theory

Answer 30

The focus of nursing is caring through the environment and helping the patient deal with the symptoms and changes in function related to an illness.

Question 31

Describe Peplau’s Theory

Answer 31

Focuses on interpersonal relations between the nurse, the patient, and the patient’s family and developing the nurse-patient relationship

Question 32

In Peplau’s theory, what influences the nurse-patient relationship?

Answer 32

The nurse’s and the patient’s perceptions and preconceived ideas

Question 33

Why is Peplau’s theory unique?

Answer 33

The collaborative nurse-patient relationship creates a “maturing force” through which interpersonal effectiveness meets the patient’s needs.

Question 34

According to Peplau’s theory, what are the 3 phases of the nurse-patient relationship?

Answer 34

orientation
working phase
termination

Question 35

Describe Henderson’s theory

Answer 35

Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death and that the individual would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. (INDEPENDENCE)

Question 36

Describe Orem’s self-care deficit theory

Answer 36

Self-care is a learned, goal-oriented activity directed toward the self in the interest of maintaining life, health, development, and well-being (SELF CARE)

Question 37

What is the goal of Orem’s self-care deficit theory?

Answer 37

Help the patient perform self-care and manage his or her health problems (SELF CARE)

Question 38

Describe Leninger’s Theory

Answer 38

To provide care to patients of unique cultures, the nurse safely integrates the patient’s cultural traditions, values, and beliefs into the plan of care (CULTURE)

Question 39

Describe the Neuman’s systems model

Answer 39

Assess the stressor and the patient’s response to the stressor, identify nursing diagnoses, plan patient-centered care, implement interventions, evaluate the patient’s response, and determine if the stressor is resolved. (STRESSORS)

Question 40

Describe Roy’s adaptation model

Answer 40

The goal of nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness (ADAPTATION)

Question 41

According to Roy’s adaptation model, what demands must an individual adapt to?

Answer 41

Meeting basic physiological needs, developing a positive self-concept, performing social roles, and achieving a balance between dependence and independence

Question 42

Describe Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring

Answer 42

The purpose of nursing action is to understand the interrelationship among health, illness, and human behavior. Thus nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health and preventing illness.

Question 43

Describe Benner and Wrubel’s Theory

Answer 43

Caring is central to nursing and creates possibilities for coping, enables possibilities for connecting with and concern for others, and allows for giving and receiving help.

Question 44

How does a nurse gain experiential knowledge?

Answer 44

Through personal knowledge gained through reflection on care experiences, synthesis, and integration of the art and science of nursing.

Question 45

What is the difference between theoretical knowledge and experiential knowledge?

Answer 45

The goals of theoretical knowledge stimulate thinking and create a broad understanding of the “science” and practices of the nursing discipline.

Experiential knowledge is not organized in the same manner as theoretical knowledge. This type of knowledge or the “art” of nursing is based on nurses’ experience in providing care to patients.

Question 46

What is the goal of theory-testing research?

Answer 46

determine how accurately a theory describes a nursing phenomenon

Question 47

What is the goal of theory-generating research?

Answer 47

Tries to discover and describe relationships of phenomena without imposing preconceived notions (e.g., hypotheses) of what the phenomena under study mean

Question 48

Explain the difference of nursing as an “art” and nursing as a “science”

Answer 48

As an art, nursing relies on knowledge gained from practice and reflection on past experiences. As a science, nursing draws on scientifically tested knowledge applied in the practice setting.