Fundamentals: Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is a domain?
The perspective of a profession. It provides the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and central problems of a discipline.
Explain the domain of nursing
It is the knowledge of nursing practice as well as the knowledge of nursing history, nursing theory, education, and research
What is a paradigm?
A pattern of thought that is useful in describing the domain of a discipline. A paradigm links the knowledge of science, philosophy, and theories accepted and applied by the discipline.
What are the 4 links in the nursing paradigm?
the person, health, environment/situation, and nursing
Describe Person in the nursing paradigm
the recipient of nursing care, including individual patients, groups, families, and communities
Describe Health in the nursing paradigm
different meanings for each patient, the clinical setting, and the health care profession
Describe Environment/Situation in the nursing paradigm
all possible conditions affecting patients and the settings in which their health care needs occur.
Describe Nursing in the the nursing paradigm
diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems
What is the purpose of a theory?
A theory is a way of seeing through a “set of relatively concrete and specific concepts and the propositions that describe or link the concepts”
How do nursing theories help a nurse provide better care?
They help to identify the focus, means, and goals of practice.
What are the 3 components of a theory?
concepts, definitions, and assumptions or propositions that explain a phenomenon
What is a phenomenon
The term, description, or label given to describe an idea or responses about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations
Describe assumptions in a theory
The “taken-for-granted” statements that explain the nature of the concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory
List the 4 types of nursing theories
Grand theories
Middle-range theories
Descriptive theories
Prescriptive theories
What is the purpose of a Grand theory?
systematic and broad in scope, complex, and therefore require further specification through research
What is the purpose of a Middle-range theory?
address a specific phenomenon and reflect practice
What is the purpose of a Descriptive theory?
describe phenomena, speculate on why they occur, and describe their consequences. These theories explain, relate, and in some situations predict nursing phenomena
What is the purpose of a Prescriptive theory?
address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, describe the conditions under which the prescription occurs, and predict the consequences.
action oriented and test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention
What are the goals of Theory-Based Nursing Practice?
- Identify domain and goals of nursing.
- Provide knowledge to improve nursing administration, practice, education, and research.
- Guide research and expand the knowledge base of nursing.
- Identify research techniques and tools used to validate nursing interventions.
- Formulate legislation governing nursing practice, research, and education.
- Formulate regulations interpreting nurse practice acts.
- Develop curriculum plans for nursing education.
- Establish criteria for measuring quality of nursing care, education, and research.
- Guide development of a nursing care delivery system.
- Provide systematic structure and rationale for nursing activities.
What is the difference between an open system and a closed system?
An open system interacts with the environment. Any change to the environment affects the open system as well. A closed system is not affected by changes in the environment.
What is Neuman’s Systems Theory?
Defines a total-person model of wholism and an open-systems approach.
What is the goal of the nursing process?
To organize and deliver patient-centered care
What is Input in the nursing process?
The data or information that comes from a patient’s assessment
What is Output in the nursing process?
Whether the patient’s health status improves, declines, or remains stable as a result of nursing care
What is Feedback in the nursing process?
The outcomes reflect the patient’s responses to nursing interventions, responses from family members and consultation from other health care professionals
What is Content in the nursing program?
The information about the nursing interventions for patients with specific health care problems.
What is Maslow’s Heirarchy of needs? List the 5 levels beginning at the most basic.
An interdisciplinary theory that is useful for designating priorities of nursing care.
- Physiological Needs
- Safety and Security Needs
- Love and Belonging Needs
- Esteem and Self Esteem Needs
- Self Actualization
What is the purpose of Developmental theories?
describe and predict behavior and development at various phases of the life continuum
What is the purpose of Psychosocial theories?
explain and/or predict physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual needs of patients
Describe Nightingale’s Theory
The focus of nursing is caring through the environment and helping the patient deal with the symptoms and changes in function related to an illness.
Describe Peplau’s Theory
Focuses on interpersonal relations between the nurse, the patient, and the patient’s family and developing the nurse-patient relationship
In Peplau’s theory, what influences the nurse-patient relationship?
The nurse’s and the patient’s perceptions and preconceived ideas
Why is Peplau’s theory unique?
The collaborative nurse-patient relationship creates a “maturing force” through which interpersonal effectiveness meets the patient’s needs.
According to Peplau’s theory, what are the 3 phases of the nurse-patient relationship?
orientation
working phase
termination
Describe Henderson’s theory
Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death and that the individual would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. (INDEPENDENCE)
Describe Orem’s self-care deficit theory
Self-care is a learned, goal-oriented activity directed toward the self in the interest of maintaining life, health, development, and well-being (SELF CARE)
What is the goal of Orem’s self-care deficit theory?
Help the patient perform self-care and manage his or her health problems (SELF CARE)
Describe Leninger’s Theory
To provide care to patients of unique cultures, the nurse safely integrates the patient’s cultural traditions, values, and beliefs into the plan of care (CULTURE)
Describe the Neuman’s systems model
Assess the stressor and the patient’s response to the stressor, identify nursing diagnoses, plan patient-centered care, implement interventions, evaluate the patient’s response, and determine if the stressor is resolved. (STRESSORS)
Describe Roy’s adaptation model
The goal of nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness (ADAPTATION)
According to Roy’s adaptation model, what demands must an individual adapt to?
Meeting basic physiological needs, developing a positive self-concept, performing social roles, and achieving a balance between dependence and independence
Describe Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring
The purpose of nursing action is to understand the interrelationship among health, illness, and human behavior. Thus nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health and preventing illness.
Describe Benner and Wrubel’s Theory
Caring is central to nursing and creates possibilities for coping, enables possibilities for connecting with and concern for others, and allows for giving and receiving help.
How does a nurse gain experiential knowledge?
Through personal knowledge gained through reflection on care experiences, synthesis, and integration of the art and science of nursing.
What is the difference between theoretical knowledge and experiential knowledge?
The goals of theoretical knowledge stimulate thinking and create a broad understanding of the “science” and practices of the nursing discipline.
Experiential knowledge is not organized in the same manner as theoretical knowledge. This type of knowledge or the “art” of nursing is based on nurses’ experience in providing care to patients.
What is the goal of theory-testing research?
determine how accurately a theory describes a nursing phenomenon
What is the goal of theory-generating research?
Tries to discover and describe relationships of phenomena without imposing preconceived notions (e.g., hypotheses) of what the phenomena under study mean
Explain the difference of nursing as an “art” and nursing as a “science”
As an art, nursing relies on knowledge gained from practice and reflection on past experiences. As a science, nursing draws on scientifically tested knowledge applied in the practice setting.
