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Ruben's Nursing 50A > Fundamentals: Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Fundamentals: Chapter 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an infection?

A

the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in disease

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2
Q

What is colonization?

A

the presence and growth of microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damage

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

an infectious disease that can be transmitted directly from one person to another

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4
Q

What is a symptomatic infection?

A

the pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms

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5
Q

What is an asymptomatic infection?

A

the pathogens multiply but clinical signs and symptoms are not present

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6
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A
  • An infectious agent
  • A reservoir (natural habitat)
  • A port of exit
  • A mode of transmission
  • A port of entry
  • A susceptible host
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7
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

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8
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

a place where microorganisms survive, multiply, and await transfer to a susceptible host

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9
Q

What is the ideal temperature for most human pathogens?

A

20° to 43° C (68° to 109° F)

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10
Q

What is bactericidal?

A

A temperature or chemical that destroys bacteria

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11
Q

What is bacteriostasis?

A

the slowing of growth and reproduction of bacteria

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12
Q

What pH do most microorganisms prefer?

A

5.0 to 7.0

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13
Q

List different modes of transmission:

A

Contact (direct or indirect)

Droplet

Airborne

Vehicles

Vector

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14
Q

What is droplet contamination?

A

Large particles that travel up to 3 feet during coughing, sneezing, or talking and come in contact with susceptible host

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15
Q

What is airborne contamination?

A

Droplet nuclei or residue or evaporated droplets suspended in air during coughing or sneezing or carried on dust particles

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16
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A

Incubation Period

Prodromal Stage

Illness Stage (Full Stage of illness)

Convalescence

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17
Q

Describe the incubation period of infection

A

Interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms (organism grows and mulitplies; time varies)

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18
Q

Describe the prodromol stage of infection

A

Interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms

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19
Q

Describe the illness stage of infection

A

Interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection

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20
Q

Describe the convalescence stage of infection

A

Interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear (time varies)

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21
Q

What is the difference between a localized infection and a systemic infection?

A

In a localized infection, the patient usually experiences localized symptoms such as pain, tenderness, and redness at the wound site.

In a systemic infection, the entire body instead of just a single organ or part is affected.

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22
Q

What is micturation?

A

urination

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23
Q

What causes a suprainfection?

A

develops when broad-spectrum antibiotics eliminate a wide range of normal flora organisms, not just those causing infection

24
Q

What is inflammation?

A

The cellular response of the body to injury, infection, or irritation (brings fluid, blood products, and nutrients)

25
Q

What happens during the inflammatory response?

A

1 Vascular and cellular responses
2 Formation of inflammatory exudates
3 Tissue repair

26
Q

What are exudates?

A

fluid and cells that are discharged from cells or blood vessels [e.g., pus or serum]

27
Q

What is phaygocytosis?

A

a process that involves the destruction and absorption of bacteria

28
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

an increase in the number of circulating WBCs

29
Q

What is the normal range for serum WBC?

A

5,000 to 10,000/mm3

30
Q

What is the range for serum WBC during inflammation?

A

15,000 to 20,000/mm3 and higher

31
Q

What is the cause of fever during an infection?

A

the phagocytic release of pyrogens from bacterial cells, which causes a rise in the hypothalamic set point

32
Q

What are the 3 types of exudate?

A

serous (clear, like plasma)

sanguineous (containing red blood cells)

purulent (containing WBCs and bacteria)

33
Q

How is exudate usually cleared away?

A

lymphatic drainage

34
Q

What are the 3 healing stages in tissue repair?

A

defensive, reconstructive, and maturative

35
Q

What are iatrogenic infections?

A

a type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure

36
Q

What are exogenous infections?

A

comes from microorganisms found outside the individual

37
Q

What are endogenous infections?

A

part of the patient’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results

38
Q

What are major sites for HAI’s?

A

surgical or traumatic wounds, urinary and respiratory tracts, and the bloodstream

39
Q

What is the term for an age-related decline in immune system function?

A

immune senescence

40
Q

What is the most common cause of communicable illness in young or middle-age adults

A

Viruses

41
Q

How does a patient’s nutrition influence the susceptibility to infections?

A

A reduction in the intake of protein and other nutrients such as carbohydrates and fats reduces body defenses against infection and impairs wound healing

42
Q

How does stress influence the susceptibility to infections?

A

If stress continues or becomes intense, elevated cortisone levels result in decreased resistance to infection

43
Q

What is a sign of a pulmonary infection?

A

a productive cough with purulent sputum

44
Q

What is a sign of a UTI?

A

cloudy, foul-smelling urine

45
Q

What is aseptic technique?

A

practices/procedures that help reduce the risk for infection

46
Q

What is medical asepsis

A

clean technique, includes procedures for reducing the number of organisms present and preventing the transfer of organisms

47
Q

What is isolation?

A

the separation and restriction of movement of ill persons with contagious diseases

48
Q

What is surgical asepsis?

A

sterile technique prevents contamination of an open wound, serves to isolate the operative area from the unsterile environment, and maintains a sterile field for surgery

49
Q

What is the difference between colonization and infection?

A

colonization is normal and infection is an out of control growth

50
Q

What is an example of communicable disease that is asymptomatic?

A

Hepatitis C

51
Q

What is the best way to stop the chain of infection?

A

Break one of the links in the chain

52
Q

What laboratory data indicate infection?

A

Elevated WBC

Increase in specific types of WBC

Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Presence of pathogen in urine blood, sputum or during cultures

53
Q

What are normal floras?

A

microorganisms on skin surface, deep layers of skin, saliva, oral mucosa, GI & GU tracts

54
Q

What are the 3 normal defenses against infection?

A

Normal Flora

Body System Defenses

Inflammation

55
Q

What is the difference between transient and resident bacteria?

A

Transient are passed from person to person and do not normally reside on person. Resident bacteria are normal flora

Ruben's Nursing 50A (40 decks)

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