Function and Regulatory Mechanisms

Question 1

The Adrenal Cortex releases which enzymes?

Answer 1

Mineralocorticoids & Glucocorticoids

Question 2

Mineralocorticoids & Glucocorticoids are released from the Adrenal Cortex but what do they release?

Answer 2

Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone & Glucocorticoids: Cortisol, Cortisone

Question 3

Mineralocorticoids & Glucocorticoids do what?

Answer 3

Mineralocorticoids helps regulate BP and Sodium & Glucocorticoids is released in times of stress, it effects metabolism

Question 4

When there is a decrease in blood volume there are also decreases in…

Answer 4

cardiac output, arterial bp, renal perfusion, glomerular filtration

Question 5

What is produced when there is decreased renal perfusion?

Answer 5

Renin (enzyme)

Question 6

What does Renin do after it is released

Answer 6

It combines with angiotensinogen (a plasma protein) and forms Angiotensin I which travels to lungs and stimulates the thirst center

Question 7

Once Angiotensin I travels to lungs it becomes

Answer 7

Angiotensin II

Question 8

What does Angiotensin II do to the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 8

It initiates vasoconstriction

Question 9

Angiotensin II does what?

Answer 9

Increases BP, directly effects the kidneys to retain sodium, stimulates the adrenal aldosterone

Question 10

What secretes ADH?

Answer 10

Posterior pituitary gland

Question 11

When does ADH get released?

Answer 11

Prolonged: fever, vomiting, diarrhea

Excessive perspiration, Severe blood loss, burns & Septic shock

Question 12

What does ADH do?

Answer 12

It stimulates the renal tubules to increase reabsorption of water

Question 13

Ca++

Answer 13

influences neuromuscular conduction, cardiac conduction, blood clotting

Question 14

Mg++

Answer 14

influences neuromuscular conduction, muscle conduction (hypomagnesia can result in seizures)

Question 15

hyponatremia s/s

Answer 15

Altered mental status, muscle cramps, weakness, seizures. <115: signs of increased ICP: Lethargy, muscle-twitching, Hemiparesis, Death

Question 16

What do you give for hyponatremia?

Answer 16

Isotonic Fluids: RL or NS, Loop diuretics, fluid restrictions

Question 17

Hypernatremia s/s

Answer 17

thirst, dry membranes, Increased temp, decreased LOC, muscle twitching, pulmonary edema, postural hypotension

Question 18

What do you give for hypernatremia?

Answer 18

Oral or IV water replacement (D5W), diuretics to increase sodium excretion, reduce salt in diet

Question 19

Hypokalemia s/s

Answer 19

dysrhythmias, EKG changes, severe vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, anorexia, muscle weakness, leg cramps

Question 20

What do you give for hypokalemia?

Answer 20

K+ administration, IV must be diluted, K+ rich foods, monitor Digoxin levels

Question 21

What do you give for hyperkalemia?

Answer 21

Calcium gluconate, insulin 50g, Kayexalate, Diuretic-Lasix, Dialysis

Question 22

Normal Calcium levels

Answer 22

8.6-10.2

Question 23

Calcium function

Answer 23

stabilizes cell membrane, regulates muscle contraction/relaxation, blood cloting

Question 24

Calcium is regulated by

Answer 24

PTH (Parathyroid hormone), Cakcitonin, Calcitriol (Vit D)